effective communication Flashcards
alliteration
Repetition of an initial consonant sound
anaphora
repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of clauses
antithesis
juxtaposition of contrasting ideas
apostrophe
addressing a nonexistent person or inanimate object
assonance
similarity in sound of internal vowels in neighbouring words
chiasmus
verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed
euphemism
substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit
6 techniques to speak like a leader
Three breathless sentences, three sentences in which the opening clause is repeated, three balancing statements, metaphors, exaggeration, and rhyme
6 rhetorical terms
exordium, narratio, partitio, confirmatio, refutio, peroratio
exordium
where one announces the subject and purpose
narratio
narrative of what has happened
partitio
what will follow
confirmatio
logical arguments of proof
refutatio
to answering the counterarguments of one’s opponent
peroratio
a summary appealing through pathos
rethorical appeals
ethos, pathos and logos
appeals to reason and logic
logos
appeals to credibility and trust
ethos
appeals to emotions and values
pathos
(fallacy) to attack the person, rather than the fact
Personal attack
(fallacy) to say many people do it
bandwagon
(fallacy) to compare two facts that are distant from one another
False cause
(fallacy) to force you to choose either black or white when gray is an
available alternative
black or white
(fallacy) to include too many questions embedded in one
Loaded question
(fallacy) to use a vague reference of a personal experience
Anecdotal
(fallacy) to use 3 traps or more at a time
fallacy, fallacy
(fallacy) to refute an argument that was not presented by that opponent
strawman
(fallacy) to manipulate pathos
appeal to emotion
(fallacy) to use a relatively small first step that leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant, usually negative effect
slippery slope
(fallacy) to make an argument by beginning with an assumption
that what you are trying to prove is already true
circular reasoning
(fallacy) to infer that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.
composition
(fallacy) to make you think that even a child can understand it
common sense
(fallacy) to use ignorance to take down a claim
personal incredulity
10 characteristics of a good leader
strong communication, listening , passion and commitment, positivity, innovation, collaboration, honesty, diplomacy, empathy, and humility
5 characteristics of a good public speaker
confidence, passion, introspection, being yourself, and engagement with the audience
4 key concepts in a discourse
context, action, power, and ideology
litotes
An understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite
metaphor
An implied comparison between two dissimilar things that have something in common.
metonomy
A word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical
strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.
oxymoron
Incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.
paradox
A statement that appears to contradict itself.
synecdoche
A part is used to represent the whole.
