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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πšœπš”πš’πš— > Effect of Environment on Skin > Flashcards

Effect of Environment on Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is toxic epidermal necrolysis?

A

β†’ Detachment of the epidermis that is fatal

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2
Q

What are environmental insults?

A 
β†’ UV light 
β†’ Physical trauma 
β†’ Microbes
β†’ Allergens
β†’ irritants
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3
Q

What are fast adaptations of the skin?

A

β†’ Sweating and vasodilation in the heat

β†’ Vasoconstriction in the cold

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4
Q

What are two slow adaptations of the skin?

A

β†’ Hyperkeratosis : thickening of the stratum corneum with rubbing or pressure
β†’ Melanocytes : tanning

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5
Q

What are AV shunts?

A

β†’ Anastomoses between arterioles and venules

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6
Q

What do AV shunts respond to?

A

β†’ thermoreceptors in the skin

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7
Q

What do AV shunts do?

A

β†’ Open and close to increase or decrease blood flow to the superficial vascular plexus in the papillary dermis

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8
Q

What can AV shunts in the face do?

A

β†’ Respond to emotion

β†’ blushing

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9
Q

What happens if AV shunts are shut off for too long?

A

β†’ danger of damage (frostbite)

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10
Q

What is the color of human skin due to?

A

β†’ Melanin and haemoglobin

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11
Q

What does melanin do?

A

β†’ protect against DNA damage and skin cancer

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12
Q

Where do melanosomes get transferred to?

A

β†’ basal keratinocytes

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13
Q

What happens to melanocytes during tanning?

A

β†’Melanocytes increase activity

β†’ They make and transmit more melanin

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14
Q

What 2 things happen to protect against UV?

A

β†’ Tanning

β†’ Skin thickening (Slowly)

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15
Q

Describe the process of tanning

A

β†’ UV light shines on keratinocytes and damages the DNA if there isn’t enough melanin
β†’ MSH gets produced by the keratinocytes
β†’ MSH binds to its receptor
β†’ It signals the cAMP pathway
β†’ More melanin is produced
β†’ Melanosomes go into the keratinocytes and build up the cap

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16
Q

What is tanning set off by?

A

β†’ DNA damage

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17
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

β†’ In the non basal layers of the skin

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18
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

β†’ Antigen presenting cells

β†’ form a network in the epidermis

19
Q

What is lichenification and how does this occur?

A

β†’ more extreme hyperkeratosis

β†’ Reaction to excessive rubbing or scratching

20
Q

What are the 3 types of UV rays?

A

β†’ UVA and UVB (hit earth)

β†’ UVC (stopped by ozone)

21
Q

What type of burn is sunburn?

A

β†’ A radiation burn

22
Q

What happens during sunburn?

A

β†’ Blisters
β†’ Inflammation
β†’ Cell death

23
Q

What is sunburn associated with?

A

β†’ Risk of cancer

24
Q

What is a polymorphic light eruption?

A

β†’ Being allergic to sunlight

β†’ Rash when out in the sun

25
Q

What are naevi?

A

β†’ a benign proliferation of melanocytes

26
Q

What do many naevi mean?

A

β†’ Risk factor for melanoma, skin cancer

27
Q

What are freckles linked to?

A

β†’ Red/fair hair

β†’ MC1R gene variants

28
Q

What are solar lentigos?

A

β†’ Liver/Age spots

29
Q

What are solar keratoses?

A

β†’ Dysplastic growth of keratinocytes

30
Q

What cells does melanoma affect?

A

β†’ melanocytes

31
Q

What cells does non-melanoma affect?

A

β†’ keratinocytes

32
Q

What are the two types of non-melanoma cancers?

A

β†’ Squamous cell carcinoma

β†’ Basal cell carcinoma

33
Q

What are the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma?

A

β†’ It doesn’t spread easily

β†’ Often curable by surgery

34
Q

What is UV needed for?

A

β†’ Vitamin D3 production in the skin

35
Q

What are the three types of burn?

A

β†’ Superficial
β†’ Partial thickness
β†’ Full thickness

36
Q

When does irritant contact dermatitis occur?

A

β†’ Too much exposure to a substance

37
Q

What are the symptoms of irritant contact dermatitis?

A

β†’ Redness, itching, swelling, blistering

38
Q

What is allergic contact dermatitis?

A

β†’ Allergy to something that contacts the skin

β†’ Small amount is sufficient

39
Q

What are the steps to allergic contact dermatitis?

A

β†’ Sensitisation first : Langerhans cells process antigen and present it to the lymphocytes
β†’ Delayed hypersensitivity occurs at the next exposure

40
Q

What is paronychia?

A

β†’ Nail fold infection

β†’ Can be fungal or bacterial

41
Q

What is tinea capitis?

A

β†’ Scalp ringworm

42
Q

What is impetigo?

A

β†’ an injury getting infected

43
Q

Where can microbes enter?

A

β†’ In a breach in the epidermis

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πšœπš”πš’πš— (2 decks)

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