EFA 10

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

A 68-year old woman with a body mass index of 28 presents at your surgery complaining bouts heart burn and indigestion, which are occurring with increasing frequency when she walks to the shops. On examination her HR was 82 b/min, BP 145/105 mmHg and ECG shows no significant changes. Sublingual glycerol trinitrate alleviates her symptoms, why?

Answer 6

Question 7

If a patient is suffering from mutant V2 receptor, and consequent polyuria, which diuretic will be used for his treatment?

Answer 7

Question 8

Chronic infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi can cause an oesophageal motor abnormality similar to which commoner functional disorder?

Answer 8

Achalasia

Question 9

Which membrane protein plays a pivotal role in cholera enterotoxin induced diarrhoea?

Answer 9

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator

Question 10

During which developmental process do blocks of paraxial mesoderm condense, bud off and subsequently differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome?

Answer 10

Somitogenesis

Question 11

a) A – D are known to make important anatomical contributions to maintenance of a competent LOS. Identify the structures/anatomical features A, B, C & D: (4 marks)

Answer 11

A: Diaphragm

B: Angle of His

C: Phrenoesophageal ligament

D: Distal oesophagus within the abdomen

Question 12

b) Name 3 mechanisms which help protect the distal oesophagus if reflux of gastric contents does occur: (3 marks)

Answer 12

• Volume clearance or oesophageal peristalsis reflex
• pH clearance or swallowing of saliva
• Barrier properties of the oesophageal epithelium

Question 13

c) Name 3 consequences of persistent gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: (3 mark)

Answer 13

A mark for any of the following:

• Oesophagitis
• Peptic stricture
• Barrett’s oesophagus
• Oesophageal cancer