EEG And Sleep (Karius)

Question 1

Our circadian clock is synchronized to physical day/night by the action of the __ pathway and __ neurotransmitter for day, and ___ for night

Answer 1

Retinohypothalamic pathway

Glutamate

Melatonin

Question 2

The ___ controls both the circadian rhythm and sleep induction/arousal separately

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

Question 3

What type of waves are seen on EEG during R.E.M. Sleep?

Answer 3

Low amplitude, higher frequency

Question 4

What type of waves on EEG are associated with nonREM sleep?

Answer 4

Increasing amplitude and decreasing frequency

Question 5

The ___ area is crucial to sleep induction

Answer 5

Ventral preoptic

PGD2 –> DP receptor (in leptomeninges) –> Adenosine into the CSF –> binds 2a receptors in ventral preoptic area

Question 6

In the initiation of R.E.M. Sleep, cholinergic neurons in the lateral pontine tegmentum release ___ in the geniculate body which then sends input to the occipital cortex

Answer 6

Ach

Question 7

For muscle paralysis to occur in R.E.M. Sleep, the __ sends inhibitory input to a-motor neurons but spares diaphragm and small muscle groups

Answer 7

Locus ceruleus

Question 8

The __ is one of the only sources of Orexin A and B (Hypocretin 1 and 2) in the brain

Answer 8

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 9

To induce arousal, the lateral hypothalamus secretes Orexin And B and sent to the ___ nucleus where histamine is released. That histamine is released in the locus ceruleus and binds __ receptors and activates locus ceruleus neurons. There neurons then release __ and suppress R.E.M. Sleep.

Answer 9

Tuberomamillary

H1

Norepi

Question 10

These types of EEG waves occur during quiet awakefulness (thinking) with eyes closed.

Answer 10

Alpha

Question 11

Alpha waves are most prevalent over the __ cortex and disappear during ___

Answer 11

Occipital

Sleep

Question 12

__ waves on EEG occur during alert wakefulness with eyes open

Answer 12

Beta

Question 13

Beta waves are most prevalent over the __ cortices

Answer 13

Frontal and parietal

Question 14

__ waves on EEG occur when individual is aroused or focused on something.

Answer 14

Gamma

Question 15

__ waves on EEG are normal in children, particularly over parietal and frontal cortices. In adults, may occur with frustration or disappointment. Also occur in sleep

Answer 15

Theta

Question 16

__ waves on EEG occur during deep sleep in adults, infants. Appearance during “wakefulness” sign of “serious organic brain disease”

Answer 16

Delta

Question 17

Describe frequency and amplitude of alpha waves

Answer 17

High frequency, low amplitude

Question 18

Describe frequency and amplitude of beta waves

Answer 18

High frequency, low amplitude

Question 19

Describe speed and amplitude of theta waves

Answer 19

Slower, higher amplitude

Question 20

Describe the characteristics of delta waves

Answer 20

Slowest, largest

Question 21

The frequency of the alpha rhythm is decreased by:

Answer 21

Hypoglycemia
Low body temp
Low adrenal glucocorticoids
High PaCO2

Question 22

What are the EEG characteristics of Stage 1?

Answer 22

Low voltage EEG, slowing of frequency

Question 23

What are the EEG characteristics of Stage 2?

Answer 23

Increasing voltage EEG, slowing of frequency, sleep spindles

Question 24

What are EEG characteristics of Stage 3 (deep sleep)?

Answer 24

Increasing voltage EEG, slowing of frequency-theta and delta waves prominent

Question 25

What are EEG characteristics of R.E.M. Sleep?

Answer 25

Rapid, low-voltage, similar to beta waves

Question 26

The circadian rhythm is set by the activity of ___ gene products in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 26

Clock and BMAL1 (both increase at night) and Cry/Per (both increase during the day)