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Mid-Tudor crisis 1547-63 > Edward VI, Somerset & Northumberland > Flashcards

Edward VI, Somerset & Northumberland Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the Duke of Somerset?

A
  • Edward VI uncle
  • Jane Seymour’s brother
  • Given authority to rule on Edward VI behalf (only 9 years old)
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2
Q

What was the Regency council?

A
  • Henry VIII set it up upon his death
  • Governed England as Edward was not of age
  • 16 members, supported by another 12
  • Regency council was religiously balanced
  • Great noble families were under-represented
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3
Q

Who were the main conservatives & protestants in the Regency council?

A
  • Protestants: Hertford (Duke of Somerset), Archbishop Cranmer, Sir Anthony Denny
  • Conservatives: Thomas Wriothesley (Earl of Southampton), Lord st John (Marquis of Winchester)
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4
Q

Why did the Regency council not last long?

What was the Regency council fearful of & why?

A
  • Delegated all of its power to Hertford (Edward Seymour) who was then appointed Lord Protector
  • Factionalism split the council up
  • Fearful for good order & security
  • Reinforced by Cranmer’s Homily on obedience (1547) which was to be read at Parish Churches (authority of the King was in accordance with loyalty to God, disobedience was a mortal sin)
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5
Q

What did Hertford do to increase his power in government?

A
  1. Rewarded supporters & himself promotions: He became Duke of Somerset & gave & took grants of Crown lands
  2. Controlled the Privy chamber by appointing Sir Michael Stanhope as Chief Gentleman (supporter)
  3. Arrested Thomas Wriothesley (Earl of Southampton (known opponent)
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6
Q

Who & why did individuals oppose the Duke of Somerset?
(3 people)

A
  • Thomas Wriothesley (Earl of Southampton)
  • Felt Somerset was abusing his power
  • Thomas Seymour (brother) feels his brother had too much power & was politically envious
  • Earl of Warwick annoyed at the poor response after 1549 rebellion
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7
Q

What does Somerset do to quell his brothers competition?
Are these measures successful?

A
  • Given a seat on the Regency council
  • Is made a Baron & title of Lord Admiralship
  • No, Thomas was still resentful of his brother & his power
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8
Q

What does Thomas Seymour do to counteract these measures in order to increase his power?

A
  • Is in the King’s ear
  • Marries Katherine Parr (Henry’s Ex wife)
  • In the household is Princess Elizabeth
  • After death of Catherine Parr he makes a move to marry Princess Elizabeth (failure)
  • Suspected affair with Elizabeth
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9
Q

What’s the cardinal episode that Thomas Seymour commits to in an attempt to gain power?

What was the outcome?

A
  • January 1549
  • Attempts to kidnap the King (Edward VI)
  • Unsuccessful attempt
  • Thomas is sent to the Tower
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10
Q

3 main points that made somerset unpopular?

A
  1. In Council he had too much power & influence resulting in factionalism
  2. Foreign Policy failings against Scotland
  3. Poorly dealt with 1549 rebellion
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11
Q

The fall of Somerset?
(5 points)

A
  1. August 1549: John Dudley (Northumberland to be) & Thomas Wriothesley decided to end Somerset’s rule, initially decided to secure support from Princess Mary but she is not interested
  2. 1st October 1549: Somerset had been alerted of the threats so, 1. issues proclamation calling for assistance. 2. Took possession of the King, 3. With Edward retreats to Windsor Castle, meanwhile the Council published details of Somerset’s failings
  3. 11th October 1549: Somerset surrenders on the condition no treason charges would be brought against him (deal by Cranmer), he was sent to the Tower
  4. February 1550: John Dudley (Earl of Northumberland) became leader of the Council, although Somerset was released from the Tower & restored to Council (early 1550) by October he was again placed in the Tower for treason
  5. January 1552: Somerset executed for plotting to overthrow Northumberland’s regime
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12
Q

What were Somerset’s FP aims?
(3 aims)

What could the nature of these aims be called?

A
  1. Reassert ancient claim of Edward I to Scottish throne
  2. Reinforce claim through marriage between Edward VI & Mary Queen of Scots
  3. Unite Crowns of England & Scotland
  • Ambitious, biting off more than he could chew
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13
Q

Why was it unlikely that the aim of marriage in Scotland was dubious?

A
  • Mary Queen of Scots mother, Mary of Guise was French
  • If the marriage took place the French could use the marriage to start influencing English politics
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14
Q

What were the consequences of these FP aims?
(3 points)

A
  • Disastrous
    1. Somerset paid for war with Scotland by debasing coinage (raised £537,000)
    2. Increased inflation
    3. Led to potential invasion from France in1549 (when England was most vulnerable)
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15
Q

What’s the difference between Henry VIII FP & Somerset’s FP?

A
  • Henry’s aggressive FP towards Scotland was largely a side show with the main aim being France
  • Somerset’s main priority was Scotland
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16
Q

What was Somerset’s chosen strategy for defeating the Scots?

Why was this first successful?

Why did it then become a failure?
(5 points)

A
  • To beat the Scots in battle
  • Build & garrison 25 forts on the borders & south of Scotland forcing the Scots into submission
  • To invade in September 1547, 16,000 men, 4,000 cavalry, 30 warships
  • Somerset defeated Scotland, battle of Pinkie (September 1547)
  • Forts became difficult & expensive to maintain
  • English could not capture Dunbar & Edinburgh Castles
  • Underestimated the Auld Alliance
  • Failed to block the Firth of Forth (large estuary) allowing the French to relieve Edinburgh
  • French able to control Queen Mary, who was taken to France (August 1548) to marry the Dauphin (French heir)
17
Q

Why had his 3 main aims failed?

A
  • Engaged in military strategy that was unaffordable during inflation he caused through debasement of coinage
  • Failed to arrange marriage of Edward VI to Mary Queen of Scots
  • Deteriorating relationship with France led to 1549 threat of invasion
18
Q

What were Northumberland’s 2 main aims in FP when he came to power in 1550?

A
  1. Secure Peace with France & Scotland
  2. Reduce foreign policy expenditure to stabilise the Crown’s finances
19
Q

Northumberland Foreign Policy?

A
  1. January 1550: Sent a delegation to France to negotiate peace, Lord Russell led this delegation, willing to give away Boulogne but wanted to restart negotiations for Edward VI & Mary’s potential marriage
  2. March 18th 1550: Treaty of Boulogne signed, France paid £133,333 for Boulogne, France agreed to remove soldiers from Scotland, Treaty agreed to a defensive alliance between both countries, Some English forts were abandoned
  3. December 1550: Northumberland arranged a marriage Treaty with France, Edward VI would marry Elizabeth (daughter of Henry II) when she became 12, France would get a dowry of £200,000, French agreement for guarantee of English neutrality in continental wars
  4. 1550: Charles V caused collapse of Antwerp cloth market when he ordered the Catholic Inquisition in the Netherlands to arrest any heretic (foreigners included)
    - England put a temporary embargo on Netherlands on cloth to the Netherlands, trade relations improved by June 1552
  5. June 1551: Peace Treaty with Scotland, Joint commission installed to agree on the boundary between both countries, despite decrease in hostilities, English defences were kept on high readiness (£200,000 per annum spent on defence of fortresses & Navy)
    - Northumberland agreed to a new fort on Berwick-upon-Tweed
  6. September 1551: War between France & Charles V HRE breaks out
    - Northumberland ignored requests from both sides to intervene (Emperor had asked for full-scale war based on Anglo-Imperial treaty of 1542)
20
Q

Did Northumberland achieve his FP objectives?

A
  • Yes
  • Secured peace with France & Scotland & did not intervene in any continental conflicts
  • Stabilised expenditure on FP despite still paying towards Scottish defences however this was far less than what Somerset had raised through debasing coinage (£537,000)
21
Q

Why was John Dudley’s (Northumberland’s) reputation tarnished?

A
  • Despite stabilising the country his attempt at altering the succession tarnished his reputation
22
Q

How did Henry VIII wish the succession to go in his will?

Why did Northumberland not want this to happen?
What did he do?

A
  • Edward would succeed Henry as King of England & then Princess Mary (If Edward had no heir)
  • February 1553 Edward VI fell ill, by the end of March the Venetian ambassador believed he way dying
  • Northumberland did not want Princess Mary to ascend to the throne, as Mary would restore Catholicism & Northumberland had supported radical Protestantism so he would be in danger
  • To alleviate this the Devyse (to alter succession) began
23
Q

Why is it possible to assume Edward VI may have proposed the Devyse rather than Northumberland?

A
  • Edward was anxious to ensure the continuation of radical Protestantism & was willing to exclude both his half-sisters from the throne (Elizabeth & Mary) as to Edward both were illegitimate
24
Q

How did the Devyse operate?
(3 points)

A
  • Lady Jane Grey (Daughter in law to Northumberland having married Guildford Dudley) was the preferred Protestant choice
  • June 1553: Mary & Elizabeth both declared illegitimate via letter by Edward VI & parliamentary preparations were made to ratify the Devyse
  • 6th July 1553: Edward dies before parliament met making the Devyse illegal, so any attempts to crown Lade Jane Grey would rested on the Devyse alone
25
Q

How & why did the Devyse fail?

A
  1. Northumberland had no plans in place upon the King’s death, taking him 3 days to secure the Devyse
    - 9th July 1553: Lady Jane Grey finally proclaimed Queen
  2. Mary had gathered her supporters, during Northumberland’s panic to arrange the coronation, in Norfolk including members of the nobility
  3. Northumberland sent a Naval party to wait off the coast by Great Yarmouth to intercept Mary should she set sail
    - Northumberland was not popular in Norfolk because of the cruelty he encouraged during the Kett’s rebellion (1549) so the Naval party he sent joined forces with Mary
  4. 19th July 1553: When this debacle happened other members of the Council declared Mary Queen
  5. 20th July 1553: Northumberland realised he was a total failure & proclaimed Mary Queen in a Cambridge Market
26
Q

3 fundamental points for why the Devyse failed?

A
  1. Devyse was Illegal
  2. There was popular support for Mary as she was the legitimate successor/devotion to Catholicism
  3. Northumberland’s failure at planning upon King’s death slowed him

Mid-Tudor crisis 1547-63 (6 decks)

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