Educational Psychology and Human Development of Children and Adolescents Flashcards
When recess is called, two boys slip on their hoodies and, with a little concentration, zip them up. They then run out to the playground, where they draw stick figures with sidewalk chalk.
Which physical development stage describes these students?
Early childhood
A student in your class struggles with social understanding and communication. He also exhibits repetitive routines and narrow interests.
Which cognitive development barrier is associated with the behaviors the student displays?
Autism / he student’s narrow interests and repetitive behavior distinguish autism from other development issues such as ADHD.
True or False
A second-grade student tells his teacher that he is being bullied on the playground by some older children.
The student is attempting to meet his physiological needs.
False
True or False
Cognitive disabilities or barriers are often the primary barrier to learning faced by students.
F / Students with cognitive barriers may also experience other barriers, sometimes as a result of the same or a co-occurring disability. For example, students with intellectual disabilities or TBI may also have physical or health challenges.
Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the adolescence physical development stage?
Accelerated growth
Having the daily living, social, and communication skills to function independently is known as
adaptive behavior
A teacher asked children of different ages this question: “What would it be like if humans had gills and lived underwater?”
Which answer is characteristic of a child in the formal operations stage?
“We would have to invent waterproof paper to write on.”
True or False
According to Vygotsky, a person learns best through their own experiences.
False
True or False
Physiological needs are the first needs that must be met in Maslow’s hierarchy.
True / Physiological needs are at the bottom of the pyramid and are thus the first needs that must be met in Maslow’s hierarchy.
Which characteristic would be consistent with a student in Piaget’s preoperational level of cognitive development?
Pretending to be a cartoon character
True or False
Gilligan theorized that women are more involved in the care of others rather than in the care of themselves.
True
A 10-year-old student works hard to master multiplication so her teacher and peers will be proud of her.
Which of Erikson’s stages is this student displaying?
Industry versus inferiority
A third-grade student wants his classmates to think he is “nice,” so he always obeys the classroom rules. According to Kohlberg, this student’s sense of morality is at the
conventional level
Which example demonstrates Bandura’s theory of observational learning and modeling?
A new student sees a group of children kick the ball, so he joins them and does likewise.
Which example best demonstrates Skinner’s operant conditioning theory of language development?
A baby coos, smiles when his mother turns toward him, and coos again.
Which characteristic is typical of individuals in the telegraphic stage of language development?
Using words that have meaning and serve a purpose
Which theorist’s approach stated that language acquisition can be enhanced if it is paired with a positive or rewarding outcome?
Skinner’s operant conditioning
True or False
Chomsky believed that humans are born with the ability to learn language.
True
Lucas is a fourth-grade student who has read almost every book in the classroom library. He asks his teacher if she will bring him some “bigger kid” books to read because he is bored with the material in the classroom. Which need is Lucas trying to satisfy?
cognitive / Lucas seems curious about more advanced books and seems motivated to test his reading level.
True or False
Anika has served on student council for the past two years. Now that she is a senior, she believes that she is more than qualified to serve as student council president, so she decides to run for office.
Anika is attempting to meet a safety need.
False / By applying for a more prestigious position, Anika is most likely attempting to meet an esteem need or perhaps a belonging need.
How would an educator meet this deficiency need?
Love and belonging
A teacher provides students with multiple opportunities for cooperative group activities.
What physical development is typical of a 13-year-old eighth grader?
Recently began growing facial hair along the upper lip / Secondary sexual characteristics begin to emerge in early adolescence.
What physical development is typical of a nine-year-old fourth grader?
Recently developed the ability to shoot baskets consistently on the school playground / Greater coordination of gross motor skills allows many nine-year-olds to participate in organized sports.
What physical development is typical of a five-year-old kindergartner?
Recently developed the ability to draw a stick figure family representing himself, his parents, and his sister / A five-year-old would be unlikely to draw representationally but should have the fine motor skills to draw a stick figure family.
Which stage from Erikson’s framework of psychosocial development is at play?
Toddlers and young children are learning to take control of their surroundings and must be nurtured, not stifled.
identity v role confusion
autonomy v shame and doubt
initiative v guilt
2
Which stage of moral development is illustrated below?
A sophomore in high school decides to start a Diversity Club at school, hoping to advocate for inclusivity and equity for all learners. She does this because she believes it is the ethical thing to do, even though she is not sure how her peers will respond.
Universal and ethical principle orientation / Individuals with a universal ethical principle orientation typically focus on whether a given action will advance justice, equity, and others’ well-being, prioritizing these goals over their own personal gain or loss.
Which stage of moral development is illustrated below?
A fifth-grade class is discussing school rules. Several students insist that even if rules seem pointless, students need to follow them because if everyone broke the rules, chaos would result.
Law and order orientation / Individuals with a law and order orientation typically focus on the importance of following rules and complying with the law, regardless of one’s individual beliefs, in order to uphold the rule of law.
Which stage of moral development is illustrated below?
A second-grade student does not enjoy cleaning up after snack time, but he does so enthusiastically because the teacher offers an incentive to the table that cleans up fastest each day.
Instrumental orientation / Individuals with an instrumental orientation are concerned with how a given situation or decision will benefit them.
A teacher has discovered one of her fourth-grade students writing obscene words with chalk on the playground. The teacher is surprised because this student is one of the quietest and most well-behaved children in class.
Which explanation most closely fits Bandura’s theories?
The student has unresolved anger toward the teachers and principals.
The student noticed that his classmates laughed when another child did the same thing last week.
The student had a bad day at home and is reacting aggressively as a result.
The student has failed to resolve the initiative versus guilt stage and, therefore, acts inappropriately.
2 / Bandura would argue that the student viewed another child’s aggressive behavior, observed that it got a laugh, and copied it in order to get the same response. This is known as vicarious reinforcement.
True or False
Bandura identified two kinds of models from which people could observe and learn new skills: verbal and symbolic.
F / Bandura posited three kinds of models: live (with a live demonstration or model), verbal (in which the action or behavior is described), and symbolic (in which a behavior is modeled through characters in media).
Chomsky / Skinner / Vygotsky
Language learning occurs when you receive a positive response to communication, increasing your motivation to try again.
S / Skinner believed that positive feedback helped condition you to keep communicating, making language use a learned behavior.
Is this assessment approach in line with [cognitivism / social constructivism / behaviorism]?
After presenting a lesson on the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a teacher assigns two groups of students to debate this statement: The U.S. Constitution is the best form of government ever devised.
SC / This test is a type of summative assessment that measures students’ ability to recall isolated facts and is reflective of behaviorist principles.
Is this assessment approach in line with [cognitivism / social constructivism / behaviorism]?
After presenting a lesson on ancient Athens and Sparta, a teacher asks students to write an essay explaining in which city they would prefer to live.
C
After presenting a lesson on ancient Athens and Sparta, a teacher asks students to write an essay explaining in which city they would prefer to live.
Is this assessment approach in line with [cognitivism / social constructivism / behaviorism]?
After presenting lessons on the state capitals, a teacher administers a test asking students to correctly identify the capitals of 20 states.
B
This test is a type of summative assessment that measures students’ ability to recall isolated facts and is reflective of behaviorist principles.
Which type of assessment approach uses learning concepts such as the “zone of proximal development”?
Social constructivism
Humanism
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
An assessment approach that uses collaborative learning and mentoring concepts like the “zone of proximal development” is reflective of the theory of social constructivism.
Which type of assessment approach focuses on the recall of basic facts and concepts?
Humanism
Cognitivism
Social constructivism
Behaviorism
4 / An assessment that focuses on the recall of basic facts and concepts is reflective of the belief of behaviorism.
What is a difference between criterion- and norm-referenced assessments?
Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to compare scores on the same test across a wide range of students.
Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered.
Norm-referenced assessment is designed to measure the progress of an entire class of students.
Norm-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered.
2 / Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered. It does not rank students. If students’ performance were ranked according to their score, the assessment would be norm-referenced.
Which statements about performance-based assessments (PBAs) are accurate? (Select 3.)
PBAs are a valid alternative to traditional multiple-choice tests.
PBAs are closed-ended.
PBAs are authentic.
PBAs are complex.
1, 3, 4 / PBAs are complex. Students are presented with open-ended questions that may produce several correct answers. PBAs are often designed to be carried out in a real-world setting. They are not typical paper and pencil examinations taken in a traditional classroom. PBAs are a valid alternative to traditional multiple-choice tests. They can be as valid and reliable as any traditional assessment.
What is true of diagnostic assessments?
Diagnostic assessments are direct measures of academic outcome.
Diagnostic assessments are often used as summative assessments.
Diagnostic assessments are designed to help teachers plan their instruction.
Diagnostic assessments must be made of multiple-choice or true/false questions.
3 / Diagnostic assessments are designed to help teachers plan their instruction. Knowing what students already know prior to the unit of study allows teachers to refine their teaching to target what students do not know.
What are formative assessments designed to do?
Formative assessments are designed to be administered in a more or less real-life scenario.
Formative assessments are designed to make a final determination as to whether a learning objective has been met.
Formative assessments are designed to check for understanding in an effective way in order to guide instruction.
Formative assessments are designed to compare students in different classrooms.
3 / Formative assessments are used during instruction rather than at the end of a unit or course of study.
True or False
Standardized tests are often used to compare students’ performance against each other.
T / Standardized tests are norm-referenced, so the results can be compared for students in different schools, districts, and states, and sometimes even different countries. Authentic or performance-based assessments are more individualized.
Linking standards and learning objectives allows students to create their own goals and move at their own pace.
Linking standards and learning objectives makes certain that students are studying the material they should be learning.
Linking standards and learning objectives helps teachers accurately predict student outcomes.
Linking standards and learning objectives makes certain there will be enough time in the academic year to cover all the required content.
2 / By using standards as a foundation for what to teach, students are studying what they are intended to learn.
[Learning outcomes / objectives / goals] are what students will achieve or produce.
Learning outcomes are what students will produce or achieve.
[Learning outcomes / objectives / goals]
are what students will be learning.
Objectives are what students will be learning and are a “map” of what teachers use to achieve goals.
A middle school science teacher is using the inquiry approach as she discusses the internal structure of the Earth.
Which question should she ask her students?
“Which is the thickest layer of the Earth?”
“What is Earth’s outer core composed of?”
“What is the first layer of the Earth called?”
“How do we know which layer of Earth is the hottest?”
4 / Open-ended questions lead to deeper inquiry and more rigorous classroom discussion than closed-ended questions.
Which statement about inquiry-based learning is correct?
The inquiry approach is a closed system where information is filtered through layers to students.
Lesson plans are used to organize the various steps in the learning process for the whole-class approach.
The emphasis is mainly on “what we know,” not on “how we come to know.”
The inquiry approach focuses on using and learning content to develop information-processing and problem-solving skills.
4 / Inquiry-based learning is more student centered; the teacher acts as a facilitator of learning rather than as an expert dispensing information.
What is a key advantage of project-based learning (PBL)?
PBL is quicker than direct instruction.
PBL typically translates into an immediate increase in students’ test scores.
PBL allows students to test their critical thinking and tackle difficult problems.
PBL is less expensive than other instructional methods.
3 / PBL allows students to engage in critical thinking and examine difficult problems.
Which instructional practice reflects a belief in the theory of constructivist teaching?
A math teacher shows students one way of solving an algebraic equation. Then the teacher challenges students to think of two additional ways to solve the same equation.
An elementary teacher asks students to measure the length of 10 things in the classroom and report the results.
An English teacher assigns all students the same paper topic.
An elementary school teacher presents a list of words to students and asks them to memorize them for tomorrow’s spelling test. The teacher says that students who spell all the words correctly will receive a treat.
1 / Encouraging divergent problem solving is an instructional technique that supports the theory of constructivism.
True or False
Within a classroom, students begin with teacher-led instruction, then move to collaborative activities and stations before moving yet again to computer stations and online learning.
This classroom is set up in the flex model.
F / The classroom is set up in the station rotation model. In the flex model, students do not rotate within a given classroom—they rotate out to a learning lab to do their online learning.
True or False
Cooperative and collaborative learning experiences generally result in increased student achievement.
T / Numerous studies have confirmed the benefits of cooperative and collaborative learning.
Which teacher behavior promotes growth mindset?
Creating an environment where mistakes are met with open criticism and public embarrassment
Creating a supportive environment that coaches students to succeed
Punishing students who score low on an assignment
Rewarding students for getting good grades
2 / A teacher who truly believes students will be successful creates a growth mindset.
What is an intrinsic motivation?
A fifth grader memorizes this week’s spelling words so she can get an A on tomorrow’s spelling test.
An eighth-grade student enters a drawing in a school art contest in hopes of winning the $50 first prize.
A high school junior runs for class president so his teachers and peers will think he has leadership potential.
A second-grade student reads as many books about dinosaurs as she can find because she wants to learn all about dinosaurs.
4 / Curiosity is an intrinsic (internal) motivation.
What is the correct order for the basic model of motivation?
Behavior action > needs > goals and achievement
Goals and achievement > needs > behavior action
Needs > goals and achievement > behavior action
Needs > behavior action > goals and achievement
4 / Needs precede action; action precedes achievement.
Would the following action help satisfy self actualization needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher offers to drive a student to a doctor’s appointment because the student’s parents do not have dependable transportation.
N / This would help students meet physiological needs, not self-actualization needs.
Would the following action help satisfy self actualization needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher gives students her cell phone number in case they find themselves in an unsafe environment and need assistance.
N / Giving a cell phone number for students to use if they are in an unsafe environment and need assistance would help students meet safety needs, not self-actualization needs.
Would the following action help satisfy self actualization needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
An art teacher challenges students to use a new type of creative medium. The requirement would give additional credit if the students use a medium that is new to them.
Y / Challenging students to try new forms of expression is an excellent example of helping students strive toward self-actualization.
Would the following action help satisfy self actualization needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher has students write a personal reflective paper about their personal journey to eliminate prejudice from their lives.
Y / Self-actualization is often focused on personal issues that relate to the “big questions” of life. An essay on a personal journey as it relates to prejudice would assist students striving for self-actualization.
Would the following action help satisfy a basic need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher allows for extra credit points for students who are receiving a failing grade in class.
N / According to Maslow’s model, things like extra credit will not motivate students when they have concerns about physiological and safety needs.
Would the following action help satisfy a basic need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher calls parents when students are not completing homework.
N / While homework completion is important, it is not considered a basic need. Maslow’s model postulated that basic needs must be satisfied before students can focus their attention on academics.
Would the following action help satisfy a basic need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher makes it a point to “check in” with all students to make sure they have a safe place to go after school.
Y / Making sure students have a safe and secure place to go after school will help satisfy their safety needs. Those needs must be satisfied before self-actualization can occur.
Would the following action help satisfy a basic need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher always has peanut butter crackers in their desk for hungry students.
Y / Teachers must attend to physiological needs like hunger before students will be able to strive toward maximizing their academic skills.
True or False
Maslow and other humanistic psychologists believe that students are self-motivated to improve because they want to reach self-actualization.
T / Though Maslow believed that self-actualization was not possible until more basic needs have been met, like other humanistic psychologists, he theorized that people are all motivated to self-actualize.
What does metacognition encourage students to do?
Focus only on whether the answer was correct or incorrect.
Ask for clarification before heading down the wrong path.
Reflect on what they have learned.
Work quickly before they become mentally fatigued.
3 / An important component of metacognition is self-reflection.
What can a teacher do to increase students’ self-efficacy or belief in their own abilities?
Compare students’ current improved performance with their previous performance.
Make sure students do not have to do difficult work.
Increase opportunities for collaborative work in the classroom.
Encourage students to make more friends.
1 / Showing students that they have made improvements in their work can increase self-efficacy.
Explicit, working, or implicit memory?
Talia took a geography test on state capitals today and got 48 out of 50 correct. She could not remember the capitals of Alaska and Maine.
Explicit / Talia remembered what she learned in class. She was able to consciously recall almost all of the state capitals.
Explicit, working, or implicit memory?
Diego needed some paint and brushes from the art supplies locker. His teacher gave him the combination to the locker. Diego remembered the combination just long enough to retrieve what he needed. Within a couple of minutes, he had forgotten it.
Working / Working memory is a kind of short-term memory that temporarily holds information available for processing.
Explicit, working, or implicit memory?
When Daniel writes in his journal, he does not think about how to form the different letters with his pencil as he records his ideas. He just writes without “remembering” how to do so.
Implicit / Daniel does not purposely remember how to write when he jots down ideas in his journal. The “memory” of how to form the letters does not even come into his awareness.
True or False
The length of sensory memory is the same regardless of the modality of the information coming into the central nervous system.
F / For example, visual information lasts only about a half second, while auditory information lasts up to three or four seconds.
Could direct instruction improve social skills?
No / Direct instruction has not been shown to improve social skills.
Could direct instruction improve vocabulary?
Yes / Direct instruction has been shown to improve vocabulary. Vocabulary skills are often improved by using DI techniques such as flash cards, which is a common technique that is aligned with behavioral theory.
Could direct instruction improve reading comprehension?
Yes / Direct instruction has been shown to improve reading comprehension. There are step-by-step instructional techniques that improve reading comprehension skills. Those step-by-step techniques are firmly grounded in behavioral learning theory.
Could direct instruction improve reading instruction?
No / Direct instruction has been shown to improve reading instruction. Direct instruction is based on behavioral theory that often relies on “drill and practice” to ensure that learning takes place. Behavioral learning techniques have been proven to be most effective when the focus is on memorization and there is one right answer.
classical conditioning or operant conditioning?
An eighth-grade student was coming down with the flu on the morning he had to give a speech in his English class. He became violently ill during the speech. Years later, in college, he still suffered from feelings of nausea just before he engaged in any type of public speaking.
The connection of a feeling of nausea and public speaking is an example of classical conditioning. Operant conditioning is a learned association between a behavior and a consequence. This example is better explained through classical conditioning, because it involves a physical reflex (vomiting). Operant conditioning is typically not associated with reflexes.
classical conditioning or operant conditioning?
A teacher tells the class that every student who scores above 90 percent on the test will receive a candy bar. Students studied extra hard in hopes of earning candy.
Operant / Exhibiting a certain behavior to earn a reward is an example of operant conditioning. In this example, the candy bar served as a positive reinforcement for students to increase study time.
Classical or operant conditioning?
A teacher asks a question about the number of U.S. senators and a student responds with the answer, “Eighty.” The teacher says, “That’s so close but not quite correct. If there are 50 states and two senators from each state, how many senators are there?” The student then replies, “One hundred.”
Operant / This is an example of shaping, which does not fit into the classical conditioning model. Shaping is the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior.
Classical or operant conditioning?
A teacher who had previously allowed students to “shout out” answers in class without raising their hands begins to completely ignore students who speak without raising hands. Within a few days, students no longer “shout out” answers.
This is the practice of extinction, which is a operant conditioning concept. Extinction is the practice of refusing to reward unwanted behavior until the behavior stops.
