Educational Psychology and Human Development of Children and Adolescents Flashcards
When recess is called, two boys slip on their hoodies and, with a little concentration, zip them up. They then run out to the playground, where they draw stick figures with sidewalk chalk.
Which physical development stage describes these students?
Early childhood
A student in your class struggles with social understanding and communication. He also exhibits repetitive routines and narrow interests.
Which cognitive development barrier is associated with the behaviors the student displays?
Autism / he student’s narrow interests and repetitive behavior distinguish autism from other development issues such as ADHD.
True or False
A second-grade student tells his teacher that he is being bullied on the playground by some older children.
The student is attempting to meet his physiological needs.
False
True or False
Cognitive disabilities or barriers are often the primary barrier to learning faced by students.
F / Students with cognitive barriers may also experience other barriers, sometimes as a result of the same or a co-occurring disability. For example, students with intellectual disabilities or TBI may also have physical or health challenges.
Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the adolescence physical development stage?
Accelerated growth
Having the daily living, social, and communication skills to function independently is known as
adaptive behavior
A teacher asked children of different ages this question: “What would it be like if humans had gills and lived underwater?”
Which answer is characteristic of a child in the formal operations stage?
“We would have to invent waterproof paper to write on.”
True or False
According to Vygotsky, a person learns best through their own experiences.
False
True or False
Physiological needs are the first needs that must be met in Maslow’s hierarchy.
True / Physiological needs are at the bottom of the pyramid and are thus the first needs that must be met in Maslow’s hierarchy.
Which characteristic would be consistent with a student in Piaget’s preoperational level of cognitive development?
Pretending to be a cartoon character
True or False
Gilligan theorized that women are more involved in the care of others rather than in the care of themselves.
True
A 10-year-old student works hard to master multiplication so her teacher and peers will be proud of her.
Which of Erikson’s stages is this student displaying?
Industry versus inferiority
A third-grade student wants his classmates to think he is “nice,” so he always obeys the classroom rules. According to Kohlberg, this student’s sense of morality is at the
conventional level
Which example demonstrates Bandura’s theory of observational learning and modeling?
A new student sees a group of children kick the ball, so he joins them and does likewise.
Which example best demonstrates Skinner’s operant conditioning theory of language development?
A baby coos, smiles when his mother turns toward him, and coos again.
Which characteristic is typical of individuals in the telegraphic stage of language development?
Using words that have meaning and serve a purpose
Which theorist’s approach stated that language acquisition can be enhanced if it is paired with a positive or rewarding outcome?
Skinner’s operant conditioning
True or False
Chomsky believed that humans are born with the ability to learn language.
True
Lucas is a fourth-grade student who has read almost every book in the classroom library. He asks his teacher if she will bring him some “bigger kid” books to read because he is bored with the material in the classroom. Which need is Lucas trying to satisfy?
cognitive / Lucas seems curious about more advanced books and seems motivated to test his reading level.
True or False
Anika has served on student council for the past two years. Now that she is a senior, she believes that she is more than qualified to serve as student council president, so she decides to run for office.
Anika is attempting to meet a safety need.
False / By applying for a more prestigious position, Anika is most likely attempting to meet an esteem need or perhaps a belonging need.
How would an educator meet this deficiency need?
Love and belonging
A teacher provides students with multiple opportunities for cooperative group activities.
What physical development is typical of a 13-year-old eighth grader?
Recently began growing facial hair along the upper lip / Secondary sexual characteristics begin to emerge in early adolescence.
What physical development is typical of a nine-year-old fourth grader?
Recently developed the ability to shoot baskets consistently on the school playground / Greater coordination of gross motor skills allows many nine-year-olds to participate in organized sports.
What physical development is typical of a five-year-old kindergartner?
Recently developed the ability to draw a stick figure family representing himself, his parents, and his sister / A five-year-old would be unlikely to draw representationally but should have the fine motor skills to draw a stick figure family.
Which stage from Erikson’s framework of psychosocial development is at play?
Toddlers and young children are learning to take control of their surroundings and must be nurtured, not stifled.
identity v role confusion
autonomy v shame and doubt
initiative v guilt
2
Which stage of moral development is illustrated below?
A sophomore in high school decides to start a Diversity Club at school, hoping to advocate for inclusivity and equity for all learners. She does this because she believes it is the ethical thing to do, even though she is not sure how her peers will respond.
Universal and ethical principle orientation / Individuals with a universal ethical principle orientation typically focus on whether a given action will advance justice, equity, and others’ well-being, prioritizing these goals over their own personal gain or loss.
Which stage of moral development is illustrated below?
A fifth-grade class is discussing school rules. Several students insist that even if rules seem pointless, students need to follow them because if everyone broke the rules, chaos would result.
Law and order orientation / Individuals with a law and order orientation typically focus on the importance of following rules and complying with the law, regardless of one’s individual beliefs, in order to uphold the rule of law.
Which stage of moral development is illustrated below?
A second-grade student does not enjoy cleaning up after snack time, but he does so enthusiastically because the teacher offers an incentive to the table that cleans up fastest each day.
Instrumental orientation / Individuals with an instrumental orientation are concerned with how a given situation or decision will benefit them.
A teacher has discovered one of her fourth-grade students writing obscene words with chalk on the playground. The teacher is surprised because this student is one of the quietest and most well-behaved children in class.
Which explanation most closely fits Bandura’s theories?
The student has unresolved anger toward the teachers and principals.
The student noticed that his classmates laughed when another child did the same thing last week.
The student had a bad day at home and is reacting aggressively as a result.
The student has failed to resolve the initiative versus guilt stage and, therefore, acts inappropriately.
2 / Bandura would argue that the student viewed another child’s aggressive behavior, observed that it got a laugh, and copied it in order to get the same response. This is known as vicarious reinforcement.
True or False
Bandura identified two kinds of models from which people could observe and learn new skills: verbal and symbolic.
F / Bandura posited three kinds of models: live (with a live demonstration or model), verbal (in which the action or behavior is described), and symbolic (in which a behavior is modeled through characters in media).
Chomsky / Skinner / Vygotsky
Language learning occurs when you receive a positive response to communication, increasing your motivation to try again.
S / Skinner believed that positive feedback helped condition you to keep communicating, making language use a learned behavior.
Is this assessment approach in line with [cognitivism / social constructivism / behaviorism]?
After presenting a lesson on the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a teacher assigns two groups of students to debate this statement: The U.S. Constitution is the best form of government ever devised.
SC / This test is a type of summative assessment that measures students’ ability to recall isolated facts and is reflective of behaviorist principles.
Is this assessment approach in line with [cognitivism / social constructivism / behaviorism]?
After presenting a lesson on ancient Athens and Sparta, a teacher asks students to write an essay explaining in which city they would prefer to live.
C
After presenting a lesson on ancient Athens and Sparta, a teacher asks students to write an essay explaining in which city they would prefer to live.
Is this assessment approach in line with [cognitivism / social constructivism / behaviorism]?
After presenting lessons on the state capitals, a teacher administers a test asking students to correctly identify the capitals of 20 states.
B
This test is a type of summative assessment that measures students’ ability to recall isolated facts and is reflective of behaviorist principles.
Which type of assessment approach uses learning concepts such as the “zone of proximal development”?
Social constructivism
Humanism
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
An assessment approach that uses collaborative learning and mentoring concepts like the “zone of proximal development” is reflective of the theory of social constructivism.
Which type of assessment approach focuses on the recall of basic facts and concepts?
Humanism
Cognitivism
Social constructivism
Behaviorism
4 / An assessment that focuses on the recall of basic facts and concepts is reflective of the belief of behaviorism.
What is a difference between criterion- and norm-referenced assessments?
Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to compare scores on the same test across a wide range of students.
Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered.
Norm-referenced assessment is designed to measure the progress of an entire class of students.
Norm-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered.
2 / Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered. It does not rank students. If students’ performance were ranked according to their score, the assessment would be norm-referenced.
Which statements about performance-based assessments (PBAs) are accurate? (Select 3.)
PBAs are a valid alternative to traditional multiple-choice tests.
PBAs are closed-ended.
PBAs are authentic.
PBAs are complex.
1, 3, 4 / PBAs are complex. Students are presented with open-ended questions that may produce several correct answers. PBAs are often designed to be carried out in a real-world setting. They are not typical paper and pencil examinations taken in a traditional classroom. PBAs are a valid alternative to traditional multiple-choice tests. They can be as valid and reliable as any traditional assessment.
What is true of diagnostic assessments?
Diagnostic assessments are direct measures of academic outcome.
Diagnostic assessments are often used as summative assessments.
Diagnostic assessments are designed to help teachers plan their instruction.
Diagnostic assessments must be made of multiple-choice or true/false questions.
3 / Diagnostic assessments are designed to help teachers plan their instruction. Knowing what students already know prior to the unit of study allows teachers to refine their teaching to target what students do not know.
What are formative assessments designed to do?
Formative assessments are designed to be administered in a more or less real-life scenario.
Formative assessments are designed to make a final determination as to whether a learning objective has been met.
Formative assessments are designed to check for understanding in an effective way in order to guide instruction.
Formative assessments are designed to compare students in different classrooms.
3 / Formative assessments are used during instruction rather than at the end of a unit or course of study.
True or False
Standardized tests are often used to compare students’ performance against each other.
T / Standardized tests are norm-referenced, so the results can be compared for students in different schools, districts, and states, and sometimes even different countries. Authentic or performance-based assessments are more individualized.
Linking standards and learning objectives allows students to create their own goals and move at their own pace.
Linking standards and learning objectives makes certain that students are studying the material they should be learning.
Linking standards and learning objectives helps teachers accurately predict student outcomes.
Linking standards and learning objectives makes certain there will be enough time in the academic year to cover all the required content.
2 / By using standards as a foundation for what to teach, students are studying what they are intended to learn.
[Learning outcomes / objectives / goals] are what students will achieve or produce.
Learning outcomes are what students will produce or achieve.
[Learning outcomes / objectives / goals]
are what students will be learning.
Objectives are what students will be learning and are a “map” of what teachers use to achieve goals.
A middle school science teacher is using the inquiry approach as she discusses the internal structure of the Earth.
Which question should she ask her students?
“Which is the thickest layer of the Earth?”
“What is Earth’s outer core composed of?”
“What is the first layer of the Earth called?”
“How do we know which layer of Earth is the hottest?”
4 / Open-ended questions lead to deeper inquiry and more rigorous classroom discussion than closed-ended questions.
Which statement about inquiry-based learning is correct?
The inquiry approach is a closed system where information is filtered through layers to students.
Lesson plans are used to organize the various steps in the learning process for the whole-class approach.
The emphasis is mainly on “what we know,” not on “how we come to know.”
The inquiry approach focuses on using and learning content to develop information-processing and problem-solving skills.
4 / Inquiry-based learning is more student centered; the teacher acts as a facilitator of learning rather than as an expert dispensing information.
What is a key advantage of project-based learning (PBL)?
PBL is quicker than direct instruction.
PBL typically translates into an immediate increase in students’ test scores.
PBL allows students to test their critical thinking and tackle difficult problems.
PBL is less expensive than other instructional methods.
3 / PBL allows students to engage in critical thinking and examine difficult problems.
Which instructional practice reflects a belief in the theory of constructivist teaching?
A math teacher shows students one way of solving an algebraic equation. Then the teacher challenges students to think of two additional ways to solve the same equation.
An elementary teacher asks students to measure the length of 10 things in the classroom and report the results.
An English teacher assigns all students the same paper topic.
An elementary school teacher presents a list of words to students and asks them to memorize them for tomorrow’s spelling test. The teacher says that students who spell all the words correctly will receive a treat.
1 / Encouraging divergent problem solving is an instructional technique that supports the theory of constructivism.
True or False
Within a classroom, students begin with teacher-led instruction, then move to collaborative activities and stations before moving yet again to computer stations and online learning.
This classroom is set up in the flex model.
F / The classroom is set up in the station rotation model. In the flex model, students do not rotate within a given classroom—they rotate out to a learning lab to do their online learning.
True or False
Cooperative and collaborative learning experiences generally result in increased student achievement.
T / Numerous studies have confirmed the benefits of cooperative and collaborative learning.
Which teacher behavior promotes growth mindset?
Creating an environment where mistakes are met with open criticism and public embarrassment
Creating a supportive environment that coaches students to succeed
Punishing students who score low on an assignment
Rewarding students for getting good grades
2 / A teacher who truly believes students will be successful creates a growth mindset.
What is an intrinsic motivation?
A fifth grader memorizes this week’s spelling words so she can get an A on tomorrow’s spelling test.
An eighth-grade student enters a drawing in a school art contest in hopes of winning the $50 first prize.
A high school junior runs for class president so his teachers and peers will think he has leadership potential.
A second-grade student reads as many books about dinosaurs as she can find because she wants to learn all about dinosaurs.
4 / Curiosity is an intrinsic (internal) motivation.
What is the correct order for the basic model of motivation?
Behavior action > needs > goals and achievement
Goals and achievement > needs > behavior action
Needs > goals and achievement > behavior action
Needs > behavior action > goals and achievement
4 / Needs precede action; action precedes achievement.
Would the following action help satisfy self actualization needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher offers to drive a student to a doctor’s appointment because the student’s parents do not have dependable transportation.
N / This would help students meet physiological needs, not self-actualization needs.
Would the following action help satisfy self actualization needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher gives students her cell phone number in case they find themselves in an unsafe environment and need assistance.
N / Giving a cell phone number for students to use if they are in an unsafe environment and need assistance would help students meet safety needs, not self-actualization needs.
Would the following action help satisfy self actualization needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
An art teacher challenges students to use a new type of creative medium. The requirement would give additional credit if the students use a medium that is new to them.
Y / Challenging students to try new forms of expression is an excellent example of helping students strive toward self-actualization.
Would the following action help satisfy self actualization needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher has students write a personal reflective paper about their personal journey to eliminate prejudice from their lives.
Y / Self-actualization is often focused on personal issues that relate to the “big questions” of life. An essay on a personal journey as it relates to prejudice would assist students striving for self-actualization.
Would the following action help satisfy a basic need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher allows for extra credit points for students who are receiving a failing grade in class.
N / According to Maslow’s model, things like extra credit will not motivate students when they have concerns about physiological and safety needs.
Would the following action help satisfy a basic need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher calls parents when students are not completing homework.
N / While homework completion is important, it is not considered a basic need. Maslow’s model postulated that basic needs must be satisfied before students can focus their attention on academics.
Would the following action help satisfy a basic need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher makes it a point to “check in” with all students to make sure they have a safe place to go after school.
Y / Making sure students have a safe and secure place to go after school will help satisfy their safety needs. Those needs must be satisfied before self-actualization can occur.
Would the following action help satisfy a basic need according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A teacher always has peanut butter crackers in their desk for hungry students.
Y / Teachers must attend to physiological needs like hunger before students will be able to strive toward maximizing their academic skills.
True or False
Maslow and other humanistic psychologists believe that students are self-motivated to improve because they want to reach self-actualization.
T / Though Maslow believed that self-actualization was not possible until more basic needs have been met, like other humanistic psychologists, he theorized that people are all motivated to self-actualize.
What does metacognition encourage students to do?
Focus only on whether the answer was correct or incorrect.
Ask for clarification before heading down the wrong path.
Reflect on what they have learned.
Work quickly before they become mentally fatigued.
3 / An important component of metacognition is self-reflection.
What can a teacher do to increase students’ self-efficacy or belief in their own abilities?
Compare students’ current improved performance with their previous performance.
Make sure students do not have to do difficult work.
Increase opportunities for collaborative work in the classroom.
Encourage students to make more friends.
1 / Showing students that they have made improvements in their work can increase self-efficacy.
Explicit, working, or implicit memory?
Talia took a geography test on state capitals today and got 48 out of 50 correct. She could not remember the capitals of Alaska and Maine.
Explicit / Talia remembered what she learned in class. She was able to consciously recall almost all of the state capitals.
Explicit, working, or implicit memory?
Diego needed some paint and brushes from the art supplies locker. His teacher gave him the combination to the locker. Diego remembered the combination just long enough to retrieve what he needed. Within a couple of minutes, he had forgotten it.
Working / Working memory is a kind of short-term memory that temporarily holds information available for processing.
Explicit, working, or implicit memory?
When Daniel writes in his journal, he does not think about how to form the different letters with his pencil as he records his ideas. He just writes without “remembering” how to do so.
Implicit / Daniel does not purposely remember how to write when he jots down ideas in his journal. The “memory” of how to form the letters does not even come into his awareness.
True or False
The length of sensory memory is the same regardless of the modality of the information coming into the central nervous system.
F / For example, visual information lasts only about a half second, while auditory information lasts up to three or four seconds.
Could direct instruction improve social skills?
No / Direct instruction has not been shown to improve social skills.
Could direct instruction improve vocabulary?
Yes / Direct instruction has been shown to improve vocabulary. Vocabulary skills are often improved by using DI techniques such as flash cards, which is a common technique that is aligned with behavioral theory.
Could direct instruction improve reading comprehension?
Yes / Direct instruction has been shown to improve reading comprehension. There are step-by-step instructional techniques that improve reading comprehension skills. Those step-by-step techniques are firmly grounded in behavioral learning theory.
Could direct instruction improve reading instruction?
No / Direct instruction has been shown to improve reading instruction. Direct instruction is based on behavioral theory that often relies on “drill and practice” to ensure that learning takes place. Behavioral learning techniques have been proven to be most effective when the focus is on memorization and there is one right answer.
classical conditioning or operant conditioning?
An eighth-grade student was coming down with the flu on the morning he had to give a speech in his English class. He became violently ill during the speech. Years later, in college, he still suffered from feelings of nausea just before he engaged in any type of public speaking.
The connection of a feeling of nausea and public speaking is an example of classical conditioning. Operant conditioning is a learned association between a behavior and a consequence. This example is better explained through classical conditioning, because it involves a physical reflex (vomiting). Operant conditioning is typically not associated with reflexes.
classical conditioning or operant conditioning?
A teacher tells the class that every student who scores above 90 percent on the test will receive a candy bar. Students studied extra hard in hopes of earning candy.
Operant / Exhibiting a certain behavior to earn a reward is an example of operant conditioning. In this example, the candy bar served as a positive reinforcement for students to increase study time.
Classical or operant conditioning?
A teacher asks a question about the number of U.S. senators and a student responds with the answer, “Eighty.” The teacher says, “That’s so close but not quite correct. If there are 50 states and two senators from each state, how many senators are there?” The student then replies, “One hundred.”
Operant / This is an example of shaping, which does not fit into the classical conditioning model. Shaping is the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior.
Classical or operant conditioning?
A teacher who had previously allowed students to “shout out” answers in class without raising their hands begins to completely ignore students who speak without raising hands. Within a few days, students no longer “shout out” answers.
This is the practice of extinction, which is a operant conditioning concept. Extinction is the practice of refusing to reward unwanted behavior until the behavior stops.
What are the two main types of consequences in operant conditioning?
Extinction and recovery
Conditioned responses and repeating pairings
Shaping and discrimination
Reinforcement and punishment
4 / The two main consequences in operant conditioning are reinforcement and punishment. Operant conditioning states that learning is a learned association between a behavior and a consequence. According to operant conditioning theory, people learn to associate consequences (both positive and negative) with behavior, and those consequences modify behavior.
Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned response because of [habits / corrective feedback / continuous pairings]
Continuous pairings / Continuously pairing a neutral stimulus with an outcome creates a conditioned response.
A teacher assigns six students to write and perform a short play dramatizing the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
Which three types of Gardner’s intelligences is the teacher incorporating into this lesson?
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Linguistic
Bodily-kinesthetic
Logical-mathematical
2, 4, 5 / The students will work together (interpersonal) to write a script (linguistic) and then act out the play for the class (bodily-kinesthetic).
A student is returning to school after a mild concussion due to a bicycle accident.
What is one way the student’s performance may be impacted?
Constant confusion and fatigue
Mood changes, headaches, and occasional confusion
Unwillingness to complete work, socialize, or comply with directions
Challenges with adaptive behavior and independent living
2 / Students with mild concussions (mild TBI) may exhibit mood changes, headaches, and some confusion.
True or False
Students with learning disabilities may have difficulty with handwriting.
T / Messy handwriting, transcriptions, or uneven letter formation and spacing can indicate a learning disability.
What is an important cognitive skill?
Developmental communication
Remembering information
Writing information down
Social interaction
2 / Successfully retaining information requires cognitive ability.
Extrinsic or Intrinsic
A student is having difficulty relating to peers because she has experienced trauma due to violence in her neighborhood.
E / This student’s social and emotional challenges constitute a barrier, but they are a function of her environment (her neighborhood) rather than being innate or intrinsic.
Extrinsic or Intrinsic
A student is slow to speak and understand language.
I / The student’s atypical language development is a language-related barrier that is intrinsic, or innate, to the student.
Extrinsic or Intrinsic
A student’s family recently became homeless and moved into a shelter where the student has no place to study.
E / The student and family are homeless (a physical barrier), but this quality is not innate or unchangeable; it is a function of circumstances and environment.
Extrinsic or Intrinsic
A student is born with numerous health needs and a mobility impairment.
I / This physical barrier to learning may be impacted by whether the student is in an accessible environment. But the barrier itself is intrinsic.
True or False
Physical barriers to learning are intrinsic or innate to the student, while social and emotional barriers are extrinsic or environmental.
False / Any category of barriers (physical, cognitive, language-related, or social and emotional) can include challenges that are within the student, or intrinsic, or challenges that are created by the environment or circumstances, or extrinsic.
True or False
Students typically experience barriers to learning in only one significant area.
False / Students can experience any combination or quantity of cognitive, social and emotional, physical, or language-related barriers or challenges to learning.
A fifth-grade student appears shy and withdrawn and does not typically participate in individual or classroom activities.
Which area of development is most closely related to the characteristics this student is displaying?
Social and emotional development
Language development
Physical development
Cognitive development
1 / Characteristics such as shyness, withdrawal, and lack of participation are often related to social and emotional development needs.
True or False
According to typical language development expectations, a two- to three-year-old should be able to follow multi-phrase classroom directions with abstract language (e.g., draw a line under the picture on the paper that shows something you play with).
FALSE / This prompt would be much more appropriate for an older child, such as a four- to five-year-old. A two- to three-year-old child may be able to follow simple one-step commands with some complex, but not abstract, language.
At what age do children typically acquire holographic skills?
4-9 mo
18-24 mo
10-12 mo
3 / Infants may attempt first words, which may or may not sound like the adult pronunciation.
At what age do children typically acquire two-word skills?
4-9 mo
18-24 mo
10-12 mo
2 / Toddlers have moved from single words to two-word phrases by 18–24 months of age.
At what age do children typically acquire babbling skills?
4-9 mo
18-24 mo
10-12 mo
1 / Infants begin to babble at 4–6 months of age and produce more complex, word-like babbling sounds at 6–9 months of age.
Chomsky / Skinner / Vygotsky
Language learning happens in the context of culture and social interaction, with scaffolding helping you develop language skills.
V / Vygotsky believed that the interactive element of communication was a critical part of language learning.
Chomsky / Skinner / Vygotsky
Children are born with a language acquisition device or the innate ability to learn language.
C / Chomsky believed the ability to learn a language is innate, not socially influenced.
What is the zone of proximal development?
The zone of proximal development is the location where the student is most comfortable interacting with others.
The zone of proximal development is the location where a student is born and where he or she first interacted with others.
The zone of proximal development is the space between a student’s actual and potential ability, and social interaction and scaffolding can help students maximize their potential.
The zone of proximal development is the term used to describe a student’s stage of social development.
3 / Social interaction can help students learn language, as language growth does not happen in isolation. Social interaction can help students move closer to proficient language use and maximize their potential.
A preschool teacher wants Michael to say “more juice please” when he wants more juice. The teacher first uses positive reinforcement to condition Michael to say “more” when he wants more juice, then reinforces “more juice,” and finally reinforces “more juice please.”
Which principle of operant conditioning is the teacher using?
Repetition
Prompting
Imitation
Shaping
4 / The teacher is engaged in a process involving the shaping of Michael’s words into a correct form by the use of positive reinforcement.
Fatima, a kindergarten student, is learning English. Her teacher wants to reinforce Fatima’s use of English vocabulary in a way that is consistent with operant conditioning or behaviorist principles.
When Fatima calls out to ask for a pencil, how should the teacher respond in order to reinforce her use of vocabulary words?
Promise to give Fatima a pencil in a few minutes.
Make Fatima write the word in order to build her writing skills.
Smile, hand Fatima a pencil, and say, “Here is the pencil. Please remember to raise your hand next time.”
Ignore Fatima because she did not raise her hand.
3 / It is appropriate to remind Fatima to raise her hand next time. However, since your primary goal here is to improve her language skills and use of vocabulary, it is also appropriate to provide her the pencil as reinforcement.
True or False
Chomsky would say that a child’s pattern of language use demonstrates the existence of universal grammar.
TRUE / Chomsky’s theory states that because most children acquire and use language in a consistent way, there is a common structure or grammar within language, known as universal grammar.
Which of these is a component of Chomsky’s language acquisition theory?
Language learning is innate and instinctive.
Language errors are different for children of different ages, countries, and language groups.
Children do not learn language until they are adults.
Language learning is different across cultures.
1 / Chomsky’s theory holds that children learn to use language because of an innate capacity for language and communication; they do not need to be explicitly taught but, rather, pick it up instinctively.
Mr. Patel is working with a middle school student. The student tells him she wants to follow behavioral expectations, but she is not always able to control her emotions when she gets upset and often ends up raising her voice and disrupting class.
Which response is likely to help the student develop the social and emotional skill of self-control?
Teach the student deep breathing strategies and allow her to move to the break corner when she is upset.
Increase penalties for inappropriate behavior so the student is motivated to behave appropriately.
Conference with the student after an outburst so she understands how her behavior has impacted others.
Track the student’s inappropriate behaviors over time so it is evident whether she is improving.
1 / This approach gives the student two alternative strategies she can use to avoid inappropriate behavior, and practicing these strategies is likely to help her in situations outside the classroom as well.
A kindergarten teacher is planning classroom activities and is wondering what behavior to expect from students during group work. What is a typical social and emotional expectation for five-year-olds?
May want to please teacher or peers
Does not enjoy new activities
Does not typically play with other children
May be unable to distinguish real and pretend activities
1 / By age five, children often want to please others and change their behavior accordingly.
Which of the following is typical of the social and emotional skills a child in elementary or grade school might display?
May prefer time with friends, including romantic partners, over time with family
May enjoy pretend play but confuse real and “make-believe”
May try to verbalize feelings, but might become aggressive when under stress
May have intense tantrums if not given his or her way
3 / Students in elementary school typically can express their emotions with words, but when overwhelmed, they may fall back on physical action, including hitting or pushing.
True or False
Carol Gilligan believed that women brought a distinct perspective to ethical decisions because they prioritized abstract issues of right and wrong.
F / Gilligan did believe that women’s perspective was unique, but she held that it was unique because it prioritized relationships, networks of people, and communication over abstract conceptions of right or wrong.
Which stage from Erikson’s framework of psychosocial development is at play?
Young adults must figure out their own place in the world in order to have strong relationships with others.
industry v inferiority
identity v role confusion
intimacy v isolation
3 / Young adults often begin to form intimate relationships and are most successful, and least isolated, when they have a strong sense of self.
Which stage from Erikson’s framework of psychosocial development is at play?
It can be challenging for adolescents to decide who they are and what their place in the world will be.
industry v inferiority
identity v role confusion
intimacy v isolation
2 / Adolescents often struggle to determine their own identity and what their eventual contributions to the world may be.
Which stage from Erikson’s framework of psychosocial development is at play?
Children in school are busy with many different activities but may compare themselves negatively with peers.
industry v inferiority
identity v role confusion
intimacy v isolation
1 / In the industry versus inferiority stage, children may begin to work hard at school, in activities, and at home, but can easily feel inferior to peers.
Which stage from Erikson’s framework of psychosocial development is at play?
Preschoolers are learning to engage on their own terms with their environment. When appropriately reinforced, they develop healthy self-confidence.
trust v mistrust
autonomy v shame and doubt
initiative v guilt
3 / Preschoolers learn to take increasing initiative and use choice purposefully. Appropriate reinforcement by caregivers and teachers helps them use these in a healthy way.
Which stage from Erikson’s framework of psychosocial development is at play?
Infants learn to rely on their caregivers and need a strong bond with them.
trust v mistrust
autonomy v shame and doubt
initiative v guilt
1 / Infants who bond with their caregivers trust them rather than mistrusting them.
An infant who looks to a caregiver for reassurance illustrates Erikson’s stage of
identity v role confusion
autonomy v shame
trust v mistrust
3 / Infants develop trust in their caregivers when provided support and responsiveness.
Kamal proudly told his father that he got a gold star on his spelling test at school today because he was the only student to spell all the words correctly.
Which of Erikson’s stages does this suggest that Kamal is currently passing?
Initiative versus guilt
Industry versus inferiority
Identity versus role confusion
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
2 / Industry versus inferiority is a stage experienced around elementary school, as children become more aware of their own accomplishments and make comparisons between themselves and peers.
Vygotsky OR Piaget
An eight-year-old student uses plastic coins while learning how to add and subtract with money.
P / A child in the concrete operational stage needs to have concrete tools to complete the task.
Vygotsky OR Piaget
A teacher shows a five-year-old student how to draw a tree, demonstrating the task for the student and giving the student examples.
V / Vygotsky stressed the importance of social interaction and learning.
True or False
A classroom that emphasizes a student’s social interaction with a more skilled partner is based on the ideas proposed by Piaget.
F / Piaget focused on children’s independent growth and development, including their observations.
True or False
Vygotsky emphasizes the role of culture on development far more than Piaget does.
TRUE / As posited by Piaget, if cognitive development varies across cultures, then it cannot occur as a universal series of stages.
Identify whether the concept given describes an idea that was taught by Piaget or Vygotsky.
Believed that learning occurs individually
P / Learning occurs mainly as individuals seek to resolve the conflict between what is new and what is known.
Identify whether the concept given describes an idea that was taught by Piaget or Vygotsky.
Emphasized the major role for language in cognitive development
V / Vygotsky believed that language was directly responsible for shaping thought.
Identify whether the concept given describes an idea that was taught by Piaget or Vygotsky.
Established opportunities for learners to interact with more skilled individuals
V / The concept of the zone of proximal development stressed this idea.
Identify whether the concept given describes an idea that was taught by Piaget or Vygotsky.
V / Vygotsky did not propose specific stages of development related to typical ages.
Identify whether the concept given describes an idea that was taught by Piaget or Vygotsky.
Little emphasis on the sociocultural context of learning
P / Though Piaget did not totally discount the sociocultural context of learning, he did not give it great emphasis.
What is the zone of proximal development?
The level of development a learner has currently achieved
The level of development just below where a learner is currently functioning
The level of development just above where a learner is currently functioning
The level of development far beyond where a learner is currently functioning
3
True or False
As Mei sits at a table alone drawing a picture of a house, she says aloud, “First I will draw a square. Now I will add the roof. I will put a chimney on top. Then I will put in some windows.”
Mei is engaging in social speech.
False /Social speech is speech directed toward others. Here Mei is using private speech as she tells herself how to draw a house.
Which statement accurately summarizes Vygotsky’s thinking on cognitive development?
Children learn best when they are left alone to make new discoveries.
Much learning occurs via social interaction.
Higher mental functions are innate.
There is little relationship between language and cognitive development.
2 / The concept of the zone of proximal development illustrates this point.
True or False
Diego knows that a horse is a large animal with four legs, a tail, and body hair. The first time he sees a cow, he calls it a horse.
The word “horse” fits with Diego’s schema for the characteristics of a cow.
True /A schema is a group of similar thoughts that children use to respond to their environment.
A teacher pours juice for Alice in a tall, narrow glass and for William in a short, squat glass. Although both glasses contain the same amount of juice, Will exclaims, “Hey! No fair! I have less than Alice!”
Which of Piaget’s developmental stages is William in?
Formal operational
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Sensorimotor
2 / William is old enough to talk but not old enough to have grasped conservation.
What physical development is typical of an 18-month-old in daycare?
Recently developed the ability to roll a ball back and forth with an adult / Eighteen-month-old infants can manipulate toys with their hands and should have no problems rolling a ball to an adult.
True or False
In middle school classrooms, teachers can use the same activities for all children.
False / Not all students physically develop at the same rate. Individualized strategies and support are often necessary to help older children and adolescents build skills and address challenges.
True or False
Ren is three years old. His preschool teacher is worried about him because he cannot print his name yet.
The teacher’s concern is justified.
F / Children do not typically develop the ability to print their names until about age four or five.
Which two activities should an 18-month-old be able to perform?
Jumping from one foot to the other
Eating soup with a spoon
Stacking blocks
Using fingers to eat crackers
3 & 4 / Between 12 and 18 months of age, children typically learn how to feed themselves with their fingers and build a tower of cubes or blocks.
True or False
Arnold Gesell theorized that children develop according to distinct developmental stages.
True / Arnold Gesell’s maturational–developmental theory of child development postulated that children develop according to distinct developmental stages.
How would a teacher meet this deficiency need?
Physiological
The school cafeteria opens early to provide free and reduced price breakfasts to eligible students.
How would a teacher meet this deficiency need?
Safety
A school institutes a rigorous antibullying program.
How would an educator meet this deficiency need?
Esteem
The school calls an assembly each quarter to distribute academic achievement awards to students who have maintained a B average or higher for the quarter.
What is the name of the theory of intelligence that postulates that intelligence consists of several abilities and talents that are independent and unrelated to each other?
The informational processing theory of intelligence
Cognitivist intelligence theory
Multiple intelligence theory
The behavioral theory of intelligence
3 /Howard Gardner believed that all people have numerous (or multiple) intelligences and that people learn best when incorporating multiple senses while learning.
A student has an intellectual disability. What is the primary way this might affect her classroom performance?
The student is likely to need modified curriculum and support with independent functioning.
The student is likely to have heightened fight-or-flight responses.
The student is likely to demonstrate oppositional behavior and outbursts.
The student is likely to need support with social skills, routines, and anxiety.
1 / Students with intellectual disabilities often need slower paced curriculum and assistance in functioning independently.
A classroom teacher is working with a diverse student population. One student, Kamal, has a physical disability and uses a wheelchair. Another student, Jack, has a hearing impairment (for which he uses a hearing aid) and an expressive language disorder. A third student, Maria, lives in a house where there is chronic food insecurity, and she typically comes to school hungry, pays little attention in class, and sleeps. A fourth student, Fatima, has an autism spectrum disorder. Fatima has difficulties with speech and communication, sensory sensitivity, and challenges in social interaction with peers.
What is Maria’s primary learning need?
Engaging curriculum to keep her awake
Modified assessments that she can complete more easily
Access to food to address food insecurity
Behavioral supports to help her stay focused
3 / Maria’s primary need, the issue underlying her challenges, is access to nutritious, sufficient food.
A classroom teacher is working with a diverse student population. One student, Kamal, has a physical disability and uses a wheelchair. Another student, Jack, has a hearing impairment (for which he uses a hearing aid) and an expressive language disorder. A third student, Maria, lives in a house where there is chronic food insecurity, and she typically comes to school hungry, pays little attention in class, and sleeps. A fourth student, Fatima, has an autism spectrum disorder. Fatima has difficulties with speech and communication. She has challenges in social interaction with peers, and she has sensory sensitivity, which requires her to have sensory input in order to stay engaged and focused.
What is one need that Fatima might display in class?
Disruptive behavior
Excessive talking with peers
Difficulty focusing
Difficulty reading
3 / Fatima’s sensory issues make it difficult for her to focus if she is not touching an object or receiving other sensory stimulation.
A classroom teacher is working with a diverse student population. One student, Kamal, has a physical disability and uses a wheelchair. Another student, Jack, has a hearing impairment (for which he uses a hearing aid) and an expressive language disorder. A third student, Maria, lives in a house where there is chronic food insecurity, and she typically comes to school hungry, pays little attention in class, and sleeps. A fourth student, Fatima, has an autism spectrum disorder. Fatima has difficulties with speech and communication, sensory sensitivity, and challenges in social interaction with peers.
Which two students might have difficulties in communicating their needs to the teacher?
Fatima
Jack
Maria
Kamal
1 & 2
While their diagnoses are different, both Jack and Fatima experience language development and communication barriers.
A student has been diagnosed with a TBI after an auto accident and experiences difficulty with attention. In addition, the student is experiencing nightmares, flashbacks, and post-traumatic stress from the accident.
Which two types of barriers is the student currently experiencing?
Cognitive and physical
Social-emotional and language
Cognitive and language
Cognitive and social-emotional
4 / The student’s TBI is a cognitive barrier, and the student’s post-traumatic stress symptoms are a social and emotional barrier.
For each scenario, indicate what the student’s primary barrier might be.
A student who has an intellectual disability has difficulty remembering the steps of a process and requires a peer buddy to help him complete assignments.
Cognitive
Social and emotional
language
physical
1 / The student’s intellectual functioning is a cognitive barrier.
For each scenario, indicate what the student’s primary barrier might be.
A student has cerebral palsy and needs a classroom that is wheelchair accessible.
Cognitive
Social and emotional
language
physical
4 / A physical disability poses a physical barrier.
For each scenario, indicate what the student’s primary barrier might be.
A student is being bullied and does not want to draw attention to herself in class.
Cognitive
Social and emotional
language
physical
2 / The fact that the student has experienced bullying is a social and emotional barrier.
For each scenario, indicate what the student’s primary barrier might be.
A student experiences difficulty speaking intelligibly and cannot participate in group work without frustration.
Cognitive
Social and emotional
language
physical
language / The student’s articulation difficulties are a language barrier.
For each scenario, indicate what the student’s primary barrier might be.
A student has just been diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cannot remember facts or assignments.
Cognitive
Social and emotional
language
physical
1 / The student’s brain injury has created a cognitive barrier.
For each scenario, indicate what the student’s primary barrier might be.
A student has stopped attending school because she has decided she is not going to graduate and there is no purpose in continuing her studies.
Cognitive
Social and emotional
language
physical
2 / The student’s discouragement is a social and emotional barrier.
For each scenario, indicate what the student’s primary barrier might be.
A student has stopped attending school because his grandmother can no longer bring him to the bus stop.
Cognitive
Social and emotional
language
physical
4 / Transportation is a physical barrier for the student.
William is a bright high school student who tends to sit in the back of the classroom near his friends. However, when he does so, he has difficulty seeing what the teacher is writing on the board.
Which type of barrier does William seem to be encountering?
Social and emotional
Language
Cognitive
Physical
4 / William’s inability to see the board indicates a vision problem, which is a physical barrier.
A student does not complete work, often saying she cannot start it because she does not understand. She has difficulty reading aloud and completing silent reading.
Speech and language difficulty
social and emotional difficulty
learning difficulty
learning difficulty / Students with learning difficulties may not begin classroom work. They may feel discouraged and not begin work if they believe they will be unable to finish successfully.
A student struggles to maintain conversations with peers, becoming easily frustrated or angry during conversations that do not end as she expects them to.
Speech and language difficulty
social and emotional difficulty
learning difficulty
2 / Students with social and emotional difficulties may experience challenges in relationships with peers and in conducting age-appropriate conversations.
A student does not respond promptly to questions, has difficulty writing, and struggles to find the right words in conversations.
Speech and language difficulty
social and emotional difficulty
learning difficulty
1 / Students with speech and language difficulties may have difficulty producing speech, recalling words, and carrying on conversation.
Which student behavior is characteristic of a student with autism spectrum disorder?
Inability to read or write at grade level, despite extensive teacher support
Inability to focus, complete tasks, remain seated, or avoid interrupting.
Persistent challenges with communication, sensory issues, and repetitive behaviors
Oppositional behavior, including noncompliance with directions and difficulty forming relationships with peers
3 / These behaviors may be indicators that a student should be evaluated for an autism spectrum disorder.
Which statement describes a learning need resulting from poverty?
Jack is involved with the juvenile justice system and is on probation as a result of stealing food from a convenience store.
Sara has just received a new cochlear implant for her hearing impairment and is not sure how to use it.
Talia is unable to focus on her math test because she is worried that her family will be evicted for nonpayment of rent.
William, who has an autism spectrum disorder, needs to know each day’s schedule in advance.
3 / Talia’s family is experiencing financial difficulty, and their pending eviction is the direct cause of Talia’s lack of focus on her studies. In this case, her socioeconomic situation has impacted her learning and created a need.
Is the following barrier likely due to [physical / language / cognitive / social emotional] development?
A student’s ADHD causes him to forget assignments often.
cognitive / The student’s neurological condition is a cognitive barrier to learning.
Is the following barrier likely due to [physical / language / cognitive / social emotional] development?
social and emotional / Being bullied is a social and emotional barrier to learning for this student.
Is the following barrier likely due to [physical / language / cognitive / social emotional] development?
A student repeats herself and has difficulty completing sentences when speaking to peers.
language / This student exhibits signs often associated with a language fluency disorder.
Is the following barrier likely due to [physical / language / cognitive / social emotional] development?
A student has difficulty using a pen or pencil and misses class for frequent trips to the nurse.
physical / Holding a writing utensil is an area of need; poor attendance due to visiting the nurse can also be a barrier.
A teacher assigns his students an in-class essay. One of the students has a degenerative muscular condition. Her instructional needs include difficulty with fatigue and need for assistance with hand positioning.
What is one way that the in-class essay may be challenging for her?
Holding the pencil or typing on the laptop
Formulating ideas to use in the essay
Not getting discouraged or upset
Seeing the essay prompt
1 / Holding the writing utensil or reaching laptop keys may be challenging for this student given her needs.
True or False
Students with language development barriers typically need social and behavioral supports in school.
F / Students with language development needs are likely to need communication supports, but unless they have additional social or emotional needs, they are not likely to need behavioral supports.
A student has an expressive language disorder and has difficulty choosing the right words or explaining herself clearly verbally or in writing.
Which learning need is this student likely to have?
The student is likely to need tests and textbook material read aloud.
The student is likely to need a word bank and help writing paragraphs.
The student is likely to need a dictionary to provide help with spelling.
The student is likely to need physical assistance with writing.
2 / The student needs help with selecting appropriate words and writing responses to explain her thinking.
A student has an articulation disorder and struggles to pronounce words correctly.
What is the best way to meet this student’s learning needs and build his communication skills?
Allow extra time for the student to speak slowly and clearly.
Speak to the entire class and remind them not to laugh at their peer if he mispronounces words.
Create activities in which the student does not need to talk.
Allow the student to write down responses rather than speaking
1 / Providing extra time and a supportive environment can help the student build his skills and participate in learning in a meaningful way.
A student is experiencing significant family stress due to her parents’ separation. This stress has exacerbated her existing anxiety.
Which increased needs might the student have?
Predictable routines and positive reinforcement to maintain stability
Calls home each time she engages in inappropriate behavior to maintain discipline
More independent work so she can focus and work at her own pace
Stricter penalties for inappropriate behavior to maintain expectations
1 / Students with anxiety and stress need predictable routines and a positive climate to help them relax, understand expectations, and focus on the task at hand.
True or False
Practicing routines and expected behaviors can help to meet the learning needs of students with social and emotional challenges.
T / Although practicing routines may take away from instructional time, it can help to meet students’ learning needs by allowing them to rehearse classroom procedures. That way, students feel more sure of expectations and are prepared to meet them.
A student has ADHD. He or she has a history of impulsive and disruptive, externalizing behavior.
Which learning need is the student most likely to demonstrate?
Fatigue during learning activities
Fear of making a mistake in class
Hunger during the day
Frustration with difficult tasks
4 / The student is likely to become frustrated if tasks are difficult and may act out or express frustration.
You are an educator whose student has been bullied. The source of the bullying has been addressed, but the student has still been reluctant to come to school and is finally returning to school after an absence of a week.
What is one learning need that the student is most likely to demonstrate?
Withdrawal and isolation from peers
Disruptive classroom behavior
Difficulty with short-term memory
Forgetfulness
1 / This student has been bullied and may hesitate to interact with others out of fear that the bullying may recur. The student would benefit from structured opportunities to have positive interactions with others.
Students with intellectual or cognitive disabilities benefit from clear, repeated instructions so that they can become comfortable with information and have time to digest it.
1 / This approach meets all of the student’s stated learning needs, providing support with smaller chunks of information for processing and memory, ensuring the student can test without time limits, and addressing explosive behavior by removing triggers that are most likely to provoke challenging behavior.
What is one learning need that students with intellectual disabilities are likely to demonstrate?
Need for specialized behavior plans due to oppositional defiance.
Need for sensory stimulation and objects to touch.
Need for physically accessible environments.
Need for repeated, sequential instruction to reinforce information.
4 / Students with intellectual or cognitive disabilities benefit from clear, repeated instructions so that they can become comfortable with information and have time to digest it.
Which learning need is most likely to be associated with ADHD?
Social stories and daily schedules
Specialized instruction in math concepts
Positive behavioral supports for attention and focus
Physically accessible environment
3 / Students with ADHD often struggle to focus and pay attention and benefit from positive reinforcement and supports in this area.
True or False
Trauma impacts students in a consistent and predictable way.
F / While trauma has measurable impact on a student’s brain, the resulting behaviors and support needs may vary significantly from student to student and case to case.
Which condition may result directly from exposure to trauma?
Dysgraphia
Food insecurity
Poor self-regulation
Positive self-concept
3 / Trauma may affect a student’s self-control and ability to regulate emotional responses due to the stress placed on his or her brain.
Behavioral and social challenges involve a(n) [temporary / persistent / unpredictable] pattern of behaviors that [disrupt / stabilize / improve] a student’s functioning or that of the class.
persistent & disrupt / Behavioral and social challenges remain over time, even if their intensity fluctuates, and they are typically disruptive to a student’s performance or the smooth functioning of the classroom.
Behavioral and social challenges are typically disruptive to a student’s performance or the smooth functioning of the classroom.
True or Fasle
Social and emotional challenges may be caused by mental health difficulties and may manifest with challenging behavior.
T / Mental health needs are one cause of social and emotional barriers, and students often exhibit challenging or atypical behavior.
A teacher has a student who has difficulty paying attention to others, carrying on conversations without raising her voice, and controlling her emotions.
What should the teacher consider first as a possible reason for the student’s social difficulties?
Stressors at home or school
Poor parenting
Insufficient discipline at home
Too much television
1 /Stress is often a cause of social and emotional challenges, and it is appropriate to begin by considering whether the student is experiencing any new stressors.
True or False
Risky behavior and social or emotional challenges can be observed in students who bully others and those who are bullied.
True
False
T /Both students who bully and those who are bullied need social and emotional supports, as they typically have social and emotional challenges of varying natures.
True or False
Children exposed to trauma may develop negative self-concept and inappropriate conflict resolution and self-monitoring skills.
T /Exposure to trauma affects neurodevelopment and also places a child under stress—two factors that can manifest in undesirable behaviors.
What is a typical sign or symptom of trauma in a school-aged child?
Getting a specific kind of math problem wrong over and over
Displaying repetitive behaviors or obsessive interests
Responding to events with a disproportionate or hypervigilant reaction
Experiencing difficulty with forming relationships or conversing with peers
3 / Hypervigilance, or overreliance on the fight-or-flight response, is typical of students who have experienced traumatic events.
What is one reason students with language barriers may have difficulty with spelling?
Writing the words down correctly is challenging because they cannot form letters accurately.
Trauma and chronic stress can make it challenging to focus and remember.
Correct spelling requires attention, commitment and focus, and skills typically lacking with language barriers.
Correct spelling requires students to remember and reconstruct sounds associated with each letter.
4 / Students with language impairments may have difficulty associating sounds with letters, a critical skill in spelling.
Students with language barriers may struggle to [listen / understand / hear] and [remember / care about / be interested in] verbal information such as directions and lecture notes.
understand & remember / Students with language barriers may have difficulty retaining information provided orally. Students with language barriers may have difficulty processing and understanding information provided orally.
What is one way that language barriers can impact students’ writing skills?
Students with language barriers may often lack parental support.
Students with language barriers often struggle with critical thinking.
Students with language barriers may struggle with vocabulary.
Students with language barriers are less motivated than peers.
3 / Vocabulary, a central component of language, may be affected by a language barrier.
True or False
Language barriers can impact students’ abilities to resolve conflict.
T / Verbal and social skills are an important part of conflict resolution. Students whose verbal or social communication skills are delayed may experience more conflicts with peers because they are unable to resolve them proactively.
What is a potential sign of a language disorder in the area of speech or expressive language?
Inability to comprehend written information
Reduced vocabulary when compared to peers
Difficulty following directions
Difficulty with mathematics
2 / Having fewer vocabulary words than peers might indicate atypical language development.
What are the challenges in forming and using sounds so that they are intelligible characterized as?
Articulation difficulties
Pragmatic difficulties
Fluency difficulties
Auditory processing difficulties
1 / Articulation difficulties are related to challenges in pronouncing words understandably.
True or False
Pragmatic communication disorder was formerly known as stuttering.
F / Pragmatic communication disorder affects social use of language; fluency disorders were formerly known as stuttering disorders
How can poverty create physical barriers to learning?
Parents of students experiencing poverty may not be engaged in their children’s education.
Students experiencing poverty may become discouraged about the possibility of improving their socioeconomic situation.
Students experiencing poverty are at risk for poor nutrition, housing insecurity, and exposure to pollution.
Students experiencing poverty may be at disproportionate risk for ADHD.
3 / Lack of food, housing, and clean air are all physical barriers that can impact learning.
Students with physical disabilities often experience [anger / fatigue] and difficulty with [bonding / access] to their school environment
fatigue & access / Correct! Access to the classroom or school environment can be physically challenging if buildings are not designed with accessibility in mind.
Response for: Question 9, Inline answer 1 of 2
Students with physical disabilities may use more energy in getting around during the day.
Which statement about physical barriers is accurate?
The impact of physical barriers is stable over time.
Physical barriers can cause fatigue.
Physical barriers cannot be accommodated in a general education classroom.
Physical barriers do not typically interfere with learning.
2 / Physical disabilities or barriers can require additional effort from students.
Which condition can result in physical barriers to learning?
Expressive language disorder
Spina bifida
ADHD
Anxiety
2 / Spina bifida is a congenital condition that can cause physical challenges including mobility impairments.
True or False
The cause of hearing loss is not typically relevant in determining how it affects the student.
T / The degree and nature of hearing loss is more important than the cause in determining how this barrier affects the student or manifests in school.
Which behavior is characteristic of a student with a mild visual impairment?
Significant and debilitating headaches and dizziness
Inability to complete work without specialized magnifying lenses
Inability to participate in discussions and activities
Holding books and papers closer than normal to the eyes
4/Students with mild visual impairments often hold material close in order to read it, particularly if they have not yet received treatment with glasses.
classical conditioning or operant conditioning?
An eighth-grade student was coming down with the flu on the morning he had to give a speech in his English class. He became violently ill during the speech. Years later, in college, he still suffered from feelings of nausea just before he engaged in any type of public speaking.
The connection of a feeling of nausea and public speaking is an example of classical conditioning. Operant conditioning is a learned association between a behavior and a consequence. This example is better explained through classical conditioning, because it involves a physical reflex (vomiting). Operant conditioning is typically not associated with reflexes.
What is a difference between criterion- and norm-referenced assessments?
Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to compare scores on the same test across a wide range of students.
Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered.
Norm-referenced assessment is designed to measure the progress of an entire class of students.
Norm-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered.
2 / Criterion-referenced assessment is designed to measure skills and knowledge a student has mastered. It does not rank students. If students’ performance were ranked according to their score, the assessment would be norm-referenced.
