Education With Methods In Context Flashcards
What are three main functions of education according to Talcott Parsons?
Socialisation, Economic and Selection
What is the difference between setting and streaming?
Setting is subject specific whereas streaming is across all subjects.
Who argued that working class parents have lower aspirations for their children?
Douglas.
In what three ways does Giroux criticised the Marxist approach to education?
Working-class are not passive, schools are sites of ideological struggle, the education system has relative autonomy.
What is another name for neo-liberal perspective on education?
New Right.
What are three main characteristics of an anti-school subculture?
Non-conformity to school rules, negative attitudes towards teachers, lower educational achievement.
What are two main external factors which leads to difference in educational achievement according to class?
Cultural and Material.
Who is associated with the principle of correspondence principle?
Bowles and Gintis
What are the 5 male subcultures according to Mac an Ghail?
Academic Achievers,Macho Lads, New Enterprisers, Real Englishmen, Gay Students
Which government policy introduced the national curriculum?
1988 Educational Reform Act.
What are two main internal factors influencing subject choice?
Gendered subject image, Peer pressure.
Which perspective suggests that the government should make more opportunities for society to be equal and meritocratic.
Social Democratic Perspective.
What was the purpose of the New Labour Policy- New Deal for Young People?
To prevent young people from joining the ranks of unemployed after leaving school.
What are the four internal factors which affect differential educational achievement?
Labelling, Self-fulfilling Prophecy, Streaming and Subcultures.
Which report felt that socio-economic factors were the main factors in under achievement in Afro-Caribbean Pupils?
Swan Report.
What phrase does Althusser use to describe institution such as education?
Ideological State Apparatus.
Who argues that education doesn’t sift and sort but rather leads to cultural reproduction?
Bourdieu
Who suggests that there needs to be greater focus on vocational education so that students are more prepared for the world of work?
New Right.
What is the term used to refer to parents having more choice over which schools to send their children to?
Parentocracy.
Who argues that the ethnocentric curriculum is evidence of institutional racism in education?
Coard
What two external factors are suggested to explain underachievement in boys?
Lack of literacy skills, crisis of masculinity.
What are the 4 main ways of grouping students in schools?
Mixed Ability, setting, streaming and in class groups
What did Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?
Middle class language, values and skills which are rewarded by the education system.
Give one example of material deprivation which can felt the educational achievement other than lack of resources.
Poor diet, crowded living, unable to afford tutors.
What is meant by the term educational triage?
The rationing of educational resources, with extra resources being aimed at those on the C/D borderline.
Who studied girls’ aspirations in the 1970s and in the 1990s and found there had been a significant shift in priorities?
Sue Sharpe
What are the 4 Afro-Caribbean subcultures found in Sewell’s study?
Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Rebels.
What did Parsons mean by Particularistic values?
The ways that a child is treated as an individual in the home.
Who completed a study looking at anti-school subcultures in boys called ‘Learning to labour’?
Paul Willis
What is the correspondence principle?
The idea that the education system mirrors the world of work in a number of ways.
What is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy?
When a student lives up to the label given to them by the teacher or school.
What is material deprivation?
When a student is unable to access the basic necessities to help them with academic success such as revision materials or a place to study.
What are the four main values that Sugarman suggested working class students are socialised into that prevent educational success?
Fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism.
What are three elements of the tripartite education system?
Grammar Schools, Secondary Moderns, Technical Schools.
What did Bernstein mean by elaborate code of language?
Longer more complicated sentences which make meaning explicit.
What is GIST?
Girls in Science and Technology- a government policy to encourage girls in to more traditionally male subjects.
What is the Halo Effect?
When a pupil is stereotyped from a first impression as being good/bad or thick/bright.
Who suggested that educations ‘sifts and sorts’ people into appropriate roles in society?
Davis and Moore.
Identify two ways that schools reflect on the world of work.
Uniforms, hierarchy, routine, boredom, discipline.
Who criticises cultural deprivation theory as being victim blaming?
Keddie
Identify one example showing that schools are becoming more customised?
Faith schools, Free schools, Specialised schools, Virtual schools
How would radical feminists like to see the education system being structured?
Single sex.
What does CTC stand for?
City Technical College.
What is meant by the term cultural deprivation?
Pupils are denied the cultural experiences that are necessary to do well at school
What did Bernstein mean by restricted code of language?
A form of short hand speech which meaning is not explicit but implied
According to Douglas’ study which of the classes are deprived of parental support?
Working class.
What does Durkheim believe the main role of education is?
The teaching of social norms and values to help create social cohesion.
Who found that teachers tend to racialise expectations of pupils?
Gillbourn and Youdell
What is meant by the term compensatory education?
Policies which give working class and ethnic minority students extra help in order to make up for poor socialisation.
What is a meritocratic education?
Education systems which ensures that people are given the right jobs and rewarded for working hard.
Who argues marketisation was a good way to improve school standards?
Chubb and Moe
What is meant by vocational education?
Courses which are linked to a specific job/career.
Which perspective believes that the way a teacher interacts with a pupil affects the pupils education?
Interactionists
What is the Hidden Curriculum?
The untaught lessons such as punctuality and team work.
Which perspective suggests that education has moved from one size to fits all to a more diverse system that reflects the changing economy?
Postmodernism
What is meant by internal factors in educational achievement?
Factors relating to what is happening within the educational system.
Who argued the black boys underachieve due to a lack of male role models at home?
Murray.
What are the four external factors that attempt to explain the gender gap in education?
Feminism, changing priorities, changes in the family, changes in employment.
What is meant by ascribed status?
Status that is given to someone on the basis of birth, biology or family characteristics.
What is meant by the term meritocracy?
Achievement is based on hard work, talent or perseverance.
Who said that black girls often adopt a pro-school subculture and worked hard to reject teacher labels and didn’t seek the teachers approval?
Fuller.
Which sociologist associated with the idea of the ideal pupil?
Becker.
What does basic cultural equipment include?
Language, self discipline and reasoning skills.
What is meant by the term Fatalism?
Acceptance of the situation rather than efforts to improve it; it will not encourage high achievement in the classroom
Name three Marxist sociologists who discuss education
Althusser, Bowles and Gintis and Bourdieu
Which government act stated that every child would receive a secondary education?
1944 Butler Act
Whose education policies were described as the ‘third way’?
New Labour
What is meant by delayed gratification?
The ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a letter reward. Generally, delayed gratification is associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate reward in order to receive a larger more enduring reward later.
Which term does Bartlett use to describe policies which allowed schools to take more able and reject lower ability students?
Cream Skimming and Silt Sifting.
Carl Bereiter and Siegfried Engleman highlighted what?
The importance of language in educational achievement
Who argued that the value system of the lower classes creates a ‘self-imposed barrier to an improved position’?
Herbert Hyman
Who said black people who do badly at school do so because they are socially deprived?
Douglas
When was the national curriculum introduced?
1988
What three quality assurance methods are used for education?
Oftsed, League and Performance tables & the National Curriculum
What is meant by equality of outcome?
Everyone should leave school with the same rewards such as qualifications
Who research led to the understanding of anti-school subcultures being a response to negative labelling?
Hargreaves
Bernstein established two types of linguistic code, what are they?
Elaborate and Restricted
Who studied the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?
Rosenthal and Jacobson
What does LEA stand for?
Local Education Authority
What do Davi’s and Moore believe the role of education is?
To ensure that people get the right jobs.
What is meant by the comprehensive system?
Non-selective education system where all children attend the same type of secondary school.
In what year were the Comprehensive schools introduced?
1965
What is meant by the term social mobility?
The ability to move up or down from the social class one is born into.
What is meant by a liberal education?
A movement in education which argues that students should be exposed to a wide range of academic disciplines in order to produce well rounded and critical thinkers.
What is the difference between a private school and a public school?
Private schools require a common entrance exam as well as the paying of fees, public schools only require the payment of fees.
Give one advantage of comprehensivisation
Breakdown social barriers, caters for all abilities, cheaper to run, local schools for local children.
What type of schools were introduced under Labour which pull out of local authority control and gives schools more control over budgets, staffing and admissions?
Trust Schools
Which act provided free education until the age of 10 and the creation of elementary schools?
Foster Act 1970
What is meant by pre-school?
Refers to the care and education of children under 5 before they enrol in formal education
How does the hidden curriculum prepare students for life after school?
It reflects societies values and prepares students for their place in society and their future work
What are free schools?
All ability, state funded independent schools. They are designed to be run by teachers and parents who can set up schools that meet the needs of the community
What is the 11+ examination?
The exam which determines if you went to grammar school, secondary modern or technical school.
What term is used to mean that schools are dominated by female teachers which gives the impression that education is a ‘woman’s interest’
Feminised education
Give one disadvantage of using streaming.
Students in lower sets tend to be disheartened, teachers may pay less attention to the lower streamed students, a high proportion of lower stream students are working class or ethnic minorities, transfers between streams are difficult
Give one criticism of marketisation of education
Benefits the middle class, post code lottery, reproduces class inequality, creates a two tier system of education
Give one example of Alternative Education Provision
Home schooling, Special Education Schools, PRU.
What is the difference between further and higher education?
Further education refers to 16-18 provision which is now compulsory. Higher education refers to university level education and not compulsory.
Give one advantage of using streaming
Students of the same ability
Who suggested that a higher percentage of working-class children than middle-class children left school at the first possible opportunity?
Heath and Ridge.
What are grant maintained schools?
Schools which receive a government grant and have the right to select some of their students from entry exams. Associated known as Foundation Schools.
Give one disadvantage of comprehensivisation
Accept lower standards, offer limited choice to parents, more able students could be held back, larger schools which means less individualisation
What is meant by the privatisation OF education?
Opening aspects of schools internal processes to private businesses, such as teaching training, finances, and school management
Outline 2 policies which aimed to reduce inequality in education
New Deal 1988, Student Premium 2014, Education Action Zones 1997
Outline 2 policies which aimed to reduce gender differences in educational achievement
Equal opportunities laws, introducing coursework, national curriculum, national literacy strategies
What are the characteristics of an ‘ideal pupil’?
White, middle class, female, passive
Who suggested that one of the functions of education was to develop human capital?
Schultz
What was the aim of the coalition government’s education policies?
Marketisation and raising standards.
What is meant by funding formula?
The amount of money a school receives based on the number of students they attract.
What is meant by open enrolment?
Parents are able to apply to send their child to any school they choose regardless of catchment area.
Who argued that middle class parents are more child centred than working class parents which is reflected in a greater personal investment in their education?
Feinstein
What did Putnam mean by Social Capital?
Membership to the right social networks hat can bring about particular benefits
Who studied a US primary school in which the teacher used home backgrounds to group students onto particular tables?
Ray Rist
What are the characteristics of a hyper-heterosexualised feminine identity?
Being loud and brash, having a boyfriend, symbolic capital.
What is the working class girls’ dilemma?
The dilemma between gaining symbolic capital and educational capital.
Identify two ways that the education system might be institutionally racist?
Marketisation polices, ethnocentric curriculum, critical racist theory
What is meant by labelling in education?
Teachers forming an opinion of a student based on first impressions and non academic factors which affects how they interact with the student.
Who completed a study called Pygmalion in the classroom?
Rosenthal and Jacobson
Who suggested that school acts as a bridge between the family and wider society?
Parsons
What are the 3 types of pupil identities identified by Archer in relation to ethnicity
Ideal pupil, Pathologised, Demonised
What is meant by the term symbolic violence?
The dismissal of working class culture as having less value than middle class culture.
