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crssl > EDUCATION PERFECT Touch Module 1 > Flashcards

EDUCATION PERFECT Touch Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Discriminative Information

A

Information/fine features we can distinguish and discriminate very well

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2
Q

Non-discriminative Information

A

Information where fine features CANNOT be distinguished and discriminated (includes some pain, affective touch and temperature.

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3
Q

EXTEROCEPTION

A

Provides information about the external world.

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4
Q

Mechanoreception

A

pressure or touch (TACTILE sensitivity)

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5
Q

Thermoreception

A

temperature (THERMAL sensitivity)

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6
Q

Nocireception (Nociception)

A

noxious stimuli (NOXIOUS sensitivity)

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7
Q

PROPRIOCEPTION

A

Provides information about position and movement of limbs and body in space

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8
Q

INTEROCEPTION

A

Provides information from internal organs.

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9
Q

Which system works with proprioception

A

balance system

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10
Q

What does cutaneous mean

A

skin

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11
Q

List all discriminative Somatic Sensation subclasses

A
  1. Mechanoreception
  2. Proprioception
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12
Q

List all Non-discriminative Somatic Sensation subclasses

A
  1. Mechanoreception
  2. Thermoreception
  3. Nociception
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13
Q

Where does Discriminative Mechanoreception originate?

A

Touch pressure + flutter vibration is Cutaneous

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14
Q

Where does Non-Discriminative Mechanoreception originate?

A

Affective touch is Cutaneous and Deep.

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15
Q

Where do Proprioception, Thermoception and Nociception originate?

A

Cutaneous and Deep.

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16
Q

Where specifically does Affective Touch (Non-discriminative Mechanoreception) originate?

A

It is both Cutaneous and Deep (from the muscles and Joints)

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17
Q

What is nerve fibre

A

Another name for axon

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18
Q

The receptors in the somatosensory system are unlike other receptors, because?

A

They are not specialised cells, but specialised endings (terminals) of nerve fibres.

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19
Q

How are nerve endings specialised for specific stimuli?

A

Special ion channels and accessory structures.

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20
Q

What do specialised ion channels do?

A

They respond to different types of stimuli, allowing the different somatic sensations to be signalled.

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21
Q

Provide an example of specialised ion channels doing something.

A

skin: can provide information about the fine details of what we touch, and also about whether an object is hot or cold, or whether something is painful.

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22
Q

Ion channels in nerve endings that detect heat?

A

TRPV 1
TRPV 2
TRPV 3
TREK-1

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23
Q

Ion channels in nerve endings that detect Acid/corrosive substances?

A

MDEG
DRASIC
TREK-1

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24
Q

Ion channels in nerve endings that detect mechanical pressure

A

MDEG
DRASIC
TREK-1

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25
Q

Ion channels in nerve endings that detect cold?

A

TRPMB

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26
Q

What do accessory structures associated with nerve endings do?

A

Similarly to ion channels, they help distinguish the form of the stimulus (heat/cold/pain)

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27
Q

What are Somatic nerve endings/terminals structures to help distinguish the type of stimulus?

A

Accessory structures at the end formed by connective tissue and fluid.

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28
Q

DO free nerve endings/terminals have accessory structures to help distinguish the type of stimulus?

A

No, no special accessory structures.

29
Q

What are free nerve endings specialised for?

A

Detecting pain and temperature.

30
Q

Why aren’t accessory structures always necessary?

A

Skin, due to its viscous and elastic properties, modifies how stimulus energy arrives at the somatic receptor.

31
Q

Connective tissue accessory structures in nerve terminals are associated with?

A
  1. Modifying the way in which stimulus energy reaches a terminal
  2. modifying the sensitivity of the receptor allows it to become specialised for particular aspects of a stimulus.
32
Q

Which does it mean to depolarize the cell membrane?

A

To change the resting membrane potential with a positive charge

33
Q

Which somatosensory receptors use “mechanical displacement of some part of the cell membrane by stimulus” to depolarize themselves when in contact with a stimulus?

A

Mechanoreceptors, some nocireceptors

34
Q

Which somatosensory receptors activate molecules that act on the cell membrane to depolarize themselves when in contact with a stimulus?

A

Thermoreceptors and most nociceptors.

35
Q

Describe the difference between the ways receptors can be activated (mechanical displacement vs activating molecules)

A

In activating molecules, molecules are activated after the stimulus stimulates the receptor cell and before the structural change in the cell membrane.

36
Q

Both mechanical displacement and activating molecules allows?

A

depolarisation, a change in the resting membrane potential toward a positive charge

37
Q

Class A-alpha neurons transmit what form of sensory information?

A

Proprioception

38
Q

Class A-Beta neurons transmit what form of sensory information?

A

Skin mechanoreceptors, (fine touch and vibration)

39
Q

Class A-delta neurons transmit what form of sensory information?

A

Fast pain sensations and cold temperatures

40
Q

Class C neurons transmit what form of sensory information?

A

Dull pain, Hot temperatures, itch.

41
Q

Which of the 4 neuron classes is unmyelinated?

A

C class

42
Q

Which of the 4 neuron classes has the thinnest layer of myelin?

A

A-delta

43
Q

Which of the 4 neuron classes has the largest layer of myelin sheath (fastest)?

A

A-Alpha

44
Q

Why are the nerve fibres related to proprioception fastest?

A

Because it is essential that the position of the body can be adjusted depending on terrain or other factors. (myelinated and largest diameter)

45
Q

Why are nerve fibres related to pain and temperature the slowest?

A

Do not frequently occur hence the body doesn’t expend extra energy to boost the speed of these receptors. (Thinnest diameter and thinnest myelin layer/no myelin layer)

46
Q

Why we don’t need to have special accessory structures.

A

The skin is viscous and elastic, and is able to modify the way in which stimulus energy arrives at the somatic receptor.

47
Q

List the types of Touch receptors (Cutaneous discriminative mechanoreception).

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscles
  2. Merkel’s disks
  3. Pacinian corpuscles
  4. Hair follicle receptors.
48
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles and Merkel’s disks found?

A

In the upper layers of the skin.

49
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

A

Deep in the skin

50
Q

Where are hair follicle receptors located and how are they activated?

A

They replace Meissner’s corpuscles in hairy skin and are activated by the bending of the hair follicles.

51
Q

Which of the following have accessory sheaths Meissner’s corpuscle, Merkel cells, and Pacinian corpuscle?

A

All of them have accessory sheaths around the endings.

52
Q

What do accessory sheaths do?

A

Modify how the energy from one stimulus acts on the nerve terminal underneath.

53
Q

What activates the ion channels in touch receptors?

A

Pressure or displacement or the stretching of the membrane in which channels are embedded.

54
Q

What ions are passed through the channels and what charge does the terminal gain?

A

Na+ and Ca++, makes the resting membrane potential more positive.
EG: The membrane potential will have changed from the resting state to a more depolarised direction.

55
Q

Define Afferent

A

When something is directed inwards towards the body. eg. a receptor sending a signal to the brain.

56
Q

How many inputs from mechanoreceptors do each afferent fibre receive?

A

One type

57
Q

Which class of sensory afferent nerve fibres carries information from mechanoreceptors to the brain?

A

A-β class of sensory afferent nerve fibres.

58
Q

Define Adaption Rate.

A

The ability to tell if a stimulus is changing and how fast it is doing so (eg. something tapping your skin at varying rates)

59
Q

Define Receptive Field Size.

A

Determines how precisely you can identify where the stimulus is happening on your skin (eg. fine details)

60
Q

List the 3 major dimensions of Fine Touch:

A
  1. Form perception
  2. Texture perception
  3. Vibration perception
61
Q

What is FORM perception and what mechanoreceptor identifies it?

A

Ability to identify the form and shape of objects solely by touch (as in Braille reading).
Merkel’s discs

62
Q

What is TEXTURE perception and what mechanoreceptor identifies it?

A

Ability to feel and discriminate the smoothness/roughness of an object.
Mainly Merkel’s disks and less Meissner’s corpuscles.

63
Q

What is VIBRATION perception and what mechanoreceptor identifies it?

A

Ability to distinguish between something fluttering on the skin and something vibrating on the skin.
Meissner’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles

64
Q

Is our touch sensibility constant across the body?

A

No, our touch sensibility varies across the body.

65
Q

What correlates with the variations in touch sensibility across the body?

A

The properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors responsible for different sensations.

66
Q

Which regions of the body have the finest touch sensibility?

A

Fingertips, tongue, and lips (finer acuity and vibration sensitivity)

67
Q

What happens to touch sensibility as we move away from the fingertips on our hands and arms?

A

Touch sensibility decreases, as indicated by increasing values of the smallest distinguishable distance between two touch points.

68
Q

What are touch sensations?

A

Cutaneous discriminative mechanoreception

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