Education, Maths and Reading Flashcards
What is decomposition in regards to arithmetic strategies? What is retrieval in regards to arithmetic strategies?
Cognitive process of breaking down complex concepts into smaller concepts to understand the whole concept effectively
e.g.
5 x 12 = ???
5 x 10 = 50
5 x 2 = 10
50 + 10 = 60
5 x 12 = 60
Retrieval: the more often a child solves the answer to a question correctly, the more often they can recall it from memory
What are phonemes? What are graphemes? What is the Phoneme Grapheme Correspondence?
phoneme: smallest unit of sound, e.g. ‘t’ in tat
grapheme: the way we write a phoneme e.g. ‘k’ can be written as c, k, ck, qu
Phoneme Grapheme Correspondence is when learning new words
What research shows the role of peers is important in group tasks as children?
8-12 year old children show the best improvement in groups when children disagreed on how to do a task
What research is there to support that counting isn’t always universal?
Piraha do not have number words like five or six, only a few or a lot
So there’s difficulty matching exact quantities
What is the theory of natural pedagogy?
Social learning via communication
Adults may point for example
Human specific and universal
What did Piaget mean by procedural, conceptual and utilisation knowledge?
Procedural knowledge: the ability to carry out a sequence of actions to solve a problem
Conceptual knowledge: the ability to understand the principles that underpin the problem
Utilisation knowledge: the ability to know when to apply to particular procedures
According to Piaget, when do children develop procedural and conceptual understanding of mathematical equations?
Procedural understanding: e.g. 2 + 2= 4
automatic, solution retrieved from memory, not necessarily indicative of understanding
Conceptual understanding e.g. 74 + 66= ?
Requires application of addictive principles, can be indicative of understanding
Is mathematics innate? What research shows this?
Children have ability of parallel individuation
Innate system for tracking small number of objects
Children also have an approximate number system e.g. around 7 or 8
What are the 2 types of arithmetic strategies? Are children taught this?
2 arithmetic strategies: counting them all (from 1 up) or counting from the larger number
Children don’t need to be explicitly taught to count on e.g. count up from 9 when doing 9+3
What is the issue with Piaget’s views?
Performance doesn’t always depend on the cognitive difficulty of a task
There may be other factors like the social context or how the problem is presented
What are the types of precursors in maths? What is one to one correspondence and cardinality?
Quantity comparison
Counting (one to one correspondence, one number word applies to one object. Also, cardinality where the last number in a set shows the number of elements in a set)
Number identification
What does the study on children in Brazil show in regards to social context on mathematics ability? What was the procedure and the results?
Children in Brazil who haven’t been to school often
Arithmetic task:
Oral task e.g. how much do 4 coconuts cost at 35 cruzeiros per coconut?
Written words
Written as a computational task e.g. 35 X 4 = ?
Results: 98% could answer the oral task, 74% did the written task and 37% could do the computational task
What were the 3 stages in concrete symbols fading?
Concrete symbols don’t often support learning
First step, concrete e.g. 12 donuts in a 12 square grid
Next step: visualise by drawing the grid e.g. visualise the 12 square grid
Last step: abstract e.g. 3 X 4 = 12
Concreteness fades
What research shows the role of language between English and Chinese children? Which language is harder to count in?
3 - 5 year olds
Chinese children better at counting from 10-20 than US- English speaking children
10 structure number names is less obvious in English than Chinese
What is the difference between language and literacy?
Language: all children will acquire languages, minimal support, biologically predisposed to language
Literacy: specialised skill, not all cultures possess writing skills, requires instruction and practise
What is phonological awareness?
The ability to identify the phonemes and syllables in spoken words
Tap out the syllables to break them down but young children struggle with these abilities
How does phonological awareness correlate with better reading? Reference 2 studies
Children’s level of phonological awareness before they can read can predict their reading ability at 9-10 years
Those who received phonological awareness training were better readers and spellers than the control group for about 4 years after training
How can phonological awareness be improved before its even developed fully?
Recite nursery rhymes
Word games on alliteration and rhyming
Learning the alphabet
Knowledge of all these correlate with better phonological awareness later on
What type of relationship is there between letter names and reading ability?
Positive correlation
Early mastery of letter names can lead to better reading ability later on
What are the 4 print conventions?
Knowing how to hold a book
Being able to identify text
Identifying environmental print
Family literacy practices
What happens to the phonological systems when vocabulary size increases? How does vocabulary influence reading ability?
As vocabulary size increases, the phonological systems improve
Larger vocab makes it easier for children to grasp the content they’re reading
Reading helps increase vocab
Reading and word learning both rely on similar skills
Is spoken language decontextualised? Does written or oral language support literacy?
Written language is usually decontextualised
But this isn’t always the case with spoken language
Oral language and listening comprehension can support literacy
What is phonological coding and visual based retrieval? When do children use these methods? How does the visual based retrieval system become faster?
Phonological recoding: visual form is decoded into phonological form
Visually based retrieval: the words meaning is accessed directly from the visual form
At first children use phonological decoding but then use the visual based retrieval system
Children will choose which one of these 2 methods is the fastest at being the most accurate
When this visual based retrieval system is used, with more practise the strength of the association between visual word form and meaning increases
What is the difference between the phonics method and the whole language recognition method in teaching reading?
Phonics method: focuses on the decoding process and teaching children letter sound correspondence (same as phoneme grapheme)
Whole language approach: focuses on the larger experience of reading, encourages whole recognition of words
What are the social influences for reading comprehension?
Amount of reading they do
Amount their parents talk to them
Amount the parent reads to them
What research shows evidence for pre-writing in pre-schoolers? What was found? What does this show?
Preschoolers make marks on lined pages that look vaguely like conventional letters and are arranged in a linear, horizontal sequence
This shows that young children understanding meaning can be reflected in print, words require separate symbols
