Education keywords

Question 1

Intellectual stimulation

Answer 1

Toys and activities that will stimulate children’s thinking and reasoning skills eg. Reading

Question 2

Basil and Bernstein: speech code

Answer 2

They distinguish between elaborated and restricted speech code

Question 3

Restricted code

Answer 3

Used by WC, less analytic and more descriptive, particularistic it assumes that the listener shares the particular meaning that the speaker holds.

Question 4

Elaborated code

Answer 4

MC use this, more analytic, with a wide vocabulary and complex sentence. It is universalistic, speaker spells out their meaning explicitly.

Question 5

Immediate gratification

Answer 5

Wanting rewards now rather than being willing to make sacrifices and working hard for future rewards, unlike the deferred gratification practice by the middle class.

Question 6

Fatalism

Answer 6

I belief that “What ever will be, will be “. Working-class children don’t believe they can improve their position through their own individual efforts.

Question 7

Feinstein Parents education

Answer 7

Argue that parents own education is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement.

Question 8

Bourdieu Cultural capital

Answer 8

Argue that MC pupils are more successful than WC pupils because their parents poses more capital or assets.

Question 9

Becker: Labelling

Answer 9

Argues that teachers label MC children as ‘ideal pupil’ and prefer to teach them rather than WC children.

Question 10

Labelling

Answer 10

Labels are meaning we attach to someone or something to make sense of them

Question 11

The self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 11

A prophecy is a prediction made about something or someone but it has come true simply cuz it has been made

Question 12

Streaming

Answer 12

Is an extreme institutionalised form of labelling, by putting all pupils of similar ability together into the same class or “stream”

Question 13

Lacey: Differentiation

Answer 13

Described streaming as “differentiation” a way of separating the sheep from the goats and then educating the differently.

Question 14

The self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 14

A prophecy is a prediction made about something or someone but it has come true simply cuz it has been made

Question 15

Habitus

Answer 15

Is a social class habitual way of thinking, being and acting. MC define its habitus as superior

Question 16

Symbolic capital and symbolic violence

Answer 16

School commits symbolic violence by devaluing WC habitus, judging their clothing and denying then symbolic capital, recognition and statues

Question 17

‘Nike’ identities

Answer 17

Symbolic violence leads pupils to creat alternative class identities and gain symbolic capital from peers thorough consuming brands

Question 18

Bereiter and Engelmann

Answer 18

Claim that the language of poorer black American families is ungrammatical and disjointed. As a result their children are unable to express abstract ideas

Question 19

The New Right thinker: Murray

Answer 19

Argue that the high rate of lone parenthood and lack of positive role model lead to underachievement or some minority pupils

Question 20

Sewell

Answer 20

Argue that Chinese and Indian pupils benefit from supportive families with an ‘Asian work ethic’, he contrasts this with black lone parents families

Question 21

Compensatory education

Answer 21

Is an educational policy that aim to counter the effect of culture deprivation eg. Operation Head Start and Sure Start

Question 22

Keddie: victim blaming

Answer 22

Argue that the cultural deprivation is a victim blaming. Minority ethnic groups are culturally different , not culturally deprived, they underachieve cuz school are ethnocentric, in favour of white culture

Question 23

Ball: cultural exclusion

Answer 23

Argue that minority ethnic group parents are at a disadvantage cuz they are unaware of how to negotiate the British education system, result in cultural exclusion

Question 24

Cultural domination

Answer 24

Compensatory education impose the dominant white middle class culture on minority ethnic group pupils own culture

Question 25

Gillborn and Youdell: labelling black pupils

Answer 25

Teachers had ‘racialised expectations’ about black pupils, expected more disciple problems and punished them more.

Question 26

Connolly: Asian pupils

Answer 26

Found that primary school teachers saw Asian pupils as passive and conformist. Both teachers and pupils saw Asia boys as ‘feminine’ , vulnerable and less able to protect themselves

Question 27

Gillborn: assessment

Answer 27

Argue that assessment is rigged to validate the dominant white cultures superiority

Question 28

Tikly and Strand

Answer 28

Found that blacks were more likely to be entered for lower tier exams, cuz they have been placed in lower sets due to teachers expectations

Question 29

List the 4 eternal changes in gender difference in education

Answer 29

Influence of feminism
Girls perception and ambition
Changes in the family
Changes in women’s employment

Question 30

Internal factors and girls achievement

Answer 30

Equal opportunity policies eg. The National Curriculm
Role model eg, female teachers and head teachers
Coursework
Teachers attention

Question 31

French and French: teachers attention

Answer 31

Found that teachers paid boys and girls similar amounts of attention for academic reasons. But boys received more attention overall because they attracted more punishment for misbehaviour.

Question 32

Material deprivation/ poverty factors :

Answer 32

Poor housing: Overcrowding or cold damp rooms mean pupils have no where  quite to do homework. 
Poor diet: can lead to illness, absences from school and lack of concentration in class due to hunger. 
Low income: affect educational achievement in several ways