education (done) Flashcards
Two main questions functionalist ask?
How does education contribute to the maintenance and well being of society
What’s the relationship between education and other parts of the social system?
what are Durkheim functions of education?
Social solidarity- essential similarities that binds members of society together
Common norms and values, shared sense of history and belonging
Specialised skills and specialised division of labour- dependant on education systems to provide these skills
Prepared for adult roles
what is social solidarity?
essential similarities that binds members of society together
whats parsons thought on education?
Secondary socialisation- a bridge between family and wider society with our ascribed/achieved status
Individual achievement
Equal opportunity (meritocracy)
Universalistic (schools) and particularistic
whats is Meritocracy?
Meritocracy- status based on achievement- everyone has equal chance to succeed if they work hard
what is Correspondence theory?
Correspondence theory- school is mirroring the world of work
David hargreaves
Contemporary schools place too much emphasis on the individual rather than towards group life and a sense of belonging
Subcultures may forms
He argues that change in the curriculum is needed
David & moore ?
Role allocation- sifts and sorts students in terms of their ability
Social stratification- most talented get best jobs
what is role allocation?
Role allocation- sifts and sorts students in terms of their ability
what is social stratification?
Social stratification- most talented get best jobs
4 main functions and role of education?
S- social control
E- economic training
T- transmission of norms and values
S- social selection
what are the criticisms of functionalist view on education?
Transmitting ruling classes norms and values, aids social reproduction
History in schools may reflect white working class male views
Is education meritocratic?
Is it providing the knowledge and skills required in the workplace?
what did althusser say?
Repressive state
Ideological state
what is the repressive state?
Repressive state- maintaining role by force of threat
what is the ideological state?
Ideological state- by controlling people ideas values and beliefs
Bowels and gintis?
Correspondence principle- they suggest that what happens in the workplace, education is seen as a direct preparation for the child’s future workplace.
Social reproduction- rich stay rich and the poor stay poor, myth of meritocracy
Hidden curriculum- things taught and learnt in education, which do not form part of the programmes of course
what is the hidden curriculum
Hidden curriculum- things taught and learnt in education, which do not form part of the programmes of course
what is social reproduction
Social reproduction- rich stay rich and the poor stay poor, myth of meritocracy
what is the correspondence principle?
Correspondence principle- they suggest that what happens in the workplace, education is seen as a direct preparation for the child’s future workplace.
what did Boudieu talk about ?
Cultural capital- argues that middle class parents endow their children with the cultural capital, social skills, languages this is better than that of the working class.
what is cultural capital?
Cultural capital- argues that middle class parents endow their children with the cultural capital, social skills, languages this is better than that of the working class.
what did Boudon say?
Cost of persistence- idea that there are certain cost of studying further of higher education, which deters the working class from pursuing education
what is the Cost of persistence?
Cost of persistence- idea that there are certain cost of studying further of higher education, which deters the working class from pursuing education
what is the learning of labour
‘learning of labour’- how working class kids get working class jobs
give the 4 Functions of education according to marxists
Broadcast the myth that everyone has equal chance Reproduce future generations of workers Eliminate the working class Transmit ruling class ideology
what is the criticisms of Marxist views
Are they too negative? Are working class doing to well
They ignore the power of individuals
Feminist argue they ignore issures of gender and ethnicity
Postmodernists argue education reproduces diversity not inequality
what is Economic capital
Economic capital- wages and how much you earn
what is Social capital
Social capital- your social networks, who you know
what is Neo-marxism-
Neo-marxism- micro + macro together
explain working class
manual occupations tradition include skilled workers such as plumber together with semi-skilled workers such as lorry drivers
explain middle class
non-manual occupations include professionals such as doctors,managers and other white collar office worke
explain what lower middle class students do reltating to education
More likely to start school unable to work Less well in their sat More likely to place in lower stream Poor exam results Leave school early
give Material explanation
Money and social deprivation Lower wadge Unemployment Health Housing
give cultural explanations
Parents interest
Parents level of education
Experiences outside school
explain what interal factors mean
things that happen within the classroom
explain what external factors mean
factors that happen outside the classroom
explain Material deprivation
housing, diet, health, financial support, cost of education
explain what Fatalistic mean?
accepting situations rather than trying to improve it
explain what present time orientated means
living for the moment
explain immediate gratification
taking pleasures now rather than masking sacrifices
explain Collectivism
values being in a group
explain what reay says?
Working class more likely to go to uni
explain what sugarman says?
Class subcultures
what study does Douglas do?
Based on longitudinal question given to over 5,000 parents
Blames primary socialisation
Mc receive more attention and encouragement from parents during early years
Mc more likely to stay past minimum age
what is Gerwitz theroy?
Mc parents more likely to look at ofsted reports,visit schools as more privileged skilled choosers with lots of cultural capital.
what type of code do working class have?
restricted code of speech
what type of code do middle class have?
elaborated code of speech
what does Kaddie say about education?
She says blaming victims failure at school cannot be blamed on the home
Children are culturally deprived they are cultural diffrent
They fail because culture is not taken into account because education system dominated by middle class values.
give some critisims of kaddie view of education
Wc parents can’t go to parents evenings due to working hours
Marxists argue under-achievement is about inequality and poverty into society
Compensatory education schemes-aim to rectify perceivement cultural deprivation doesn’t tackle root causes.
give some internal factors of education
Labelling and self fulfilling prophecy (becker,rosenthal,jacobson)
Subcultures (wills,woods,cacey)
streaming(ball,rist)
Competition and selection(marketisation-bartlett,gillborn,yoville)
explain what speculation means?
appearance, confamily, enthusiasm, likeable relationship with over kids personality
explain what elobration means?
hypothesis confumel or contradicted
explain what stabilisation means?
pupils actions will be evaluated in terms of the type of pupil they are thought to be
what does R.c rist say about american kindergarten
Teacher was evaluating pupils on the basis of their social class,not ability
Conformity was evaluating teachers mc standards
what does ball say about beachside comprehensive?
Ball looked at impact of building less rigid form of down streaming each bond contains two or more classes may be regrouped diffrent lessons
Ball found those with fathers who were non manual workers were likely to be in the top band
Saw behaviour cletiniro as a result of the stereotyping of bands
Highligited a link between banding and performance and class/banding
what does woods say about education
Pupils ways of dealing with school life depends on whether they accept or reject the aim of academic success
Woods identified diffrent modes of adaptation
what our woods 4 different types of modes of adaption and what do they mean?
Integration- Teachers pets/compliance
Ritualism- Going through the motions,staying out of trouble
Retreatism- Daydreaming and mucking about
Rebellion- Outright rejection or everything school stands for
what does Bourdieu say?
Refers to taken for granted ways of thinking and acting that are shared by particular social class
Schools de-value we habits but valve mc habits which gives the mc symbolic capital
Wc tastes are deemed worthless symbolic violence
who talks about Nike identity
archer
explain beckers study on labelling?
Interviewed 60 teachers
Classified plus evaluate students in terms of standards or ideal pupils
Working class:lack of interest,motivation,unrestrained or difficult to control
The way students are evaluated plus assessed can have significant effects on interaction
what did Margaret fuller say about education?
Black girls in a London comprehensive
Resentrell the negative stereotypes and wanted to prove them wrong
Negative label have variety effect which is unpredictable
explain Rosenthal and jacobson study?
Random sample 20%
rapid intellectual growth
Tested IQ before and after
Teachers communicated their belief through mamer,facial expressions,posture
Teachers expectations can significantly affect their pupils performance
Evidence or self fulfilling prophecy
what does Gillborn and youdell say about education?
Educational triage-teachers focus on the borderline
Cream slimmings selecting higher ability pupils who gain the best results and costs less to teach
Silt- sifting:off loading pupils with learning difficulties who are expensive to teach and get poor results
what does lacey say about hightown boys grammar
Pupil subcultures arise due to differentiation
Streaming polarised boys into pro-school and anti social-school subcultures
Middle class-pro-school subculture
Working class-anti learning subcultures
give some evaluation about social class and education?
Give us an insight into the impact of relationships and processes in schools
Interactionists students are often descriptive meanings are not just constructed in the classrooms
Too narrow focus/small scale-can generate
biased ! subjective?
interviewer /hawthorne effects?
give top 6 ethnic likely to get 5 or more GCSE’s
Chinese Indian Bangladesh White Pakistani black
who says Black people have a lower IQ linked to low educational achievement
charles murry
give some cultural /external factors liking ethnicity and education?
Problems can occur when english is not a child’s first language
Bernstein-restricted code
Bourdieu-cultural capital
Troyna and williams-speech hierarchy
give some theories about Social class and ethnicity (material and external)
African carribian pakeistani and bangledeshi asians are more likely to be in the poorer sections of the WC
Poor housing overcrowding unemployment material deprivation poverty low income
indian and african asian children are more likely to come from business and professional mc family backgrounds
explain what race means?
physical differences and genetic ancestry
what does the swann report say about family support?
The swann report suggests that some minority ethnic groups have greater parental support
what ethnicity has a higher percent of lone parent families
african carrabien families
what does ballard say?
asian have close knit families with high involvement
what does noon say about racism?
ethnic minorities are more likely to face employment & lower pay
what does Wood et al say?
1 in 16 ethnic minority applicants offered interviews compared to 1 in 9 white applicants
who says ½ of all ethnic minority children live in low income and twice as likely to be unemployed
Guy palmer
what does Heidi mirza say?
Over 90% black pupils live in urban areas which have poor resourcing
what does the goverment discover about school?
The swann report- ‘education for all’ advocated a multicultural curriculum for all schools
Racism is an issue and it needs to be tackled
Noted problem of ‘racial disadvantage’
how does school have an endothermic curriculum?
uniform
europen languages
history and holidays
why do schools screen out students who have language difficulties
because of Marketisation and selection
what does swell do?
Looked at responses strategies that black pupil adapted to cope with racism
Teachers held a stereotype or black boys
what 4 ways to people respond to stereotyping
The rebels-often excelled from school
The conformist-largest group,boys keen to do well
The retractists-small minority or isolated individuals who were disconnected with schools.
The innovators-second largest group pro edification but anit-school. Very successful but didt seek approval from teachers
what does wright talk about?
Strictly mulit-ethenic primary school shows asaian pupils can be victims or teachers labelling.
Some teachers have ethnocentric views
Assume these pupils have poor grasp of english so left out of class discussions
Pupils feel isolated when teachers disapprove of their custom and mispronounced their names.
what are the 3 types of teaching
the colour blind
liberal chauvinist
overt racist
explain the colour blind
teachers who believe all students are equal but fail to challenge racism
explain the liberal chauvinist
are teachers who believe black people are culturally deprived so have bigger expectations
explain the overt racist
are teachers who believe blacks were inferior to discriminate against.
who talks about pupil identities
archer
what is the ideal pupil
white mc masculinized identities with a normal sexuality
what is the Pathologized pupils
an asian deserving poor, feminized identify students seen as plodding conformists
what is the demonised pupil
black/white we see as intelligent culturally deprived underachiver
give a summary of ethnicty and education
Outside/external-school factors include social class,economic factors,racism and cultural factors
inside/internal-schools factors include racism,discrimination in setting/everyday classroom labelling.
what do liberal feminsts say?
Argue that patriarchy will ended by chance in equal opportunities and policies
what do black feminsts say?
to be black and female is very different experience
what do liberal marxist say?
argue woman role in society is shaped and determined by the need of economy, blame the capitalist system for allowing women to be forced into this situation where they are socialised into supporting men at home and at work
what do radical feminsts say?
patriarchy can only end when women are free from negative influence that men inflict on women
what do post feminsts say?
no single meaning to what it means to be a woman but rather that women possess multiple identities
state some gender facts?
Girls performance has increased since the 1980s
Boys have also improved but however at a much slower rate compared to girls
Females leave school more likely than males to get a 3 or more a level
More women get accepted for uni Wc white boys are now one of the most at risk groups
give 3 reasons why girls underachived in the pass?
Sue sharpe- strictly we girls in london and showed their priorities where marriage and family life
Priorities changed to education jobs and independence
Girls attitudes in 1970s reflected general view or girl exceptional roles
what does Mcrobbie/lobban say?
Found reading scenes and magazines presidential woman in a narrow way.
what does Dale spender say?
School reinforced gender inequality in wider society
Social relations in classroom,circuclim extent and attitudes and expectations of teachers all prepared girl for male domination and control
Boys received over teachers times
When boys, questioned/challenged the teacher they were met with respect
external factors that explain rapid improvement of girls results
mpact of feminism
Changes in the family
Changes in women’s employment
Girls changing precipitation and ambitions
internal factors that explain rapid improvement of girls results
Equal opportunities policies Positive models in schools Gcse and coursework Teachers attention and classroom interaction Challenges stereotyping in curriculum Selection and leave tables
what does Mitsos and browne argue about girls?
Better at coursework Spread more time on their work Take more care with the way it's presented Better meeting deadlines Bring right equipment to lessons Work faster Concentrate for longer Better develop language skills
what does Tony sewell say?
Argues schools do not mature masculine traits and the introduction of coursework can explain why boys underachieve
what does barber say?
over confident boys
what does Mac an Ghail say?
found we boys would be labelled as sissies and bullied if they appeared to be ‘dickhead achievers’.
why is there such a gender stereotype of subject choices
Early socialisation norman- girls and boys are dressed differently given diffrent toys,diffrent activities boys are rewarded for being active,girls be passive
General subject analysis kelly-science is seen as a boy subject beacuse has a high number of male role models
Peer pressure-peatcher found girls were labbeled lesbian or buth when intrested in sports
Gendered career opportunities-woman are concentrated in a narrow range of occupations
give 6 gender identities
Male peer groups-masculinity is reinforced
Teacher and discipline-found teachers told off boys for behaving like girls teachers tend to ignore boys verbal abuse of girls
Male gaze-male pupils and teachers look girls up and down as sexual objects
Double standards-boys are contractual for sexual objects but girls get called slags
Verbal abuse-found boys called a girl a slag if sexual avaliable drags if they wearnt
female peer groups-being popular was critical to girls and there was tension between being a good friend/competing for boys
explain the 1994 education act
Made secondary school education free and compulsory for all up to the age of 15
2 major objectives:economic efficiency and to create a fairer society by opening up opportunity for wc
what where the 3 types of schools
Grammer
technical
Secondary modern
what was the tripartite system
Known as the triparticle system it was thought that children had 3 types or abilities which were fixed by age 11
who went to grammar schools
top 15 to 20
upper class
who went to tecnical schools
lower middle
who went to secondary modern
working class
Criticisms of tripartite system
Wc failed to reach potential
Many children bullied but clever to show their talents later
The exam was discredited as being inaccurate
Scale fulfilling prophecy
Not materialistic girls tend to do well so result were altered
Split up families/friends
what is the social democratic perspective?
Leftwing approach
Highly critical of hypocritical system as fault to provide equality of opportunity
Believed state (interventions was needed to realise inequalities )
They allocated a more towards comprehensive schools which didnt select on ability
what is the move to comprehensive schools
1965 newly labour sent a letter to local authorites to move to comphensive schools
80% of people attended these
what changes did the 1988 education reform act make
Changes; Most important piece of legislation Gave schools much greater control of budget Based on free market principle Competition and choice Individualism Choice National curriculum National testing League tables Formula funding Open enrolment and parental control
explain the new right and the views on education
Followed by the conservative party
Broadly similar to functionalism
Encouraged competition between schools
Belief that education main aim should be supported by the economy
Best known for supporting ‘marketisation’ and ‘new vocationalism’
what study chubb and moe do?
Based on research- they compared the achievements of 60,000 pupils from low income families in state and private schools and use a survey of parents attitudes
5% did better than private schools
what do chubb and moe say?
State education has failed to create equal opportunities
Failed to meet the needs of the economy
Private schools our better they are answerable to the consumer (parent)
explain chubb and moe voucher system?
Each family would be given a voucher to spend on buying education from the school of their choice
Would be schools main source of income
Schools have to attract businesses
what are the impacts of marketisation?
Bartlett- lead to popular schools, cream skimming and silt-shifting
Gewirtz-3 types of school choosers: privileged skilled, disconnected-local, semi-skilled
Gillborn and youdell - educational triage, focus on the c/d boradline
explain new labour?
Continued much of the conservatives lack of marketisation, diversity and choice in education
Also supported more of social democratic which aimed to reduce inequality
what things did new labour policies promote equality?
EMA's Aim higher EAZS National literacy strategy Sure start Raise the learning age
what things did new labour policies promote inequality?
Introduced the fees Increase faith schools Encourage competition between league tables Mainly private and grammar Support marketisation
explain New vocationalism
Belief that one of the prime factors on the education system is meeting the needs of the economy by providing work
what policies did the coalition bring in?
More academies Free schools Spending cuts Sure start centre closed EMA's's removed University fees tripled Ofsted criteria Free school meals Increased compulsory schooling to 18
what is The privatization of the education system
Ball-increase in the education service industry
More than 4000 pupils still without vital information after five high schools were shut
