Education - Class Differences Flashcards
What is an internal factor?
Factors within schools that affect education such as interactions between pupils & teachers
What is an external factor?
Factors outside of schools that affect education such as income.
What is cultural deprivation?
Being deprived of attitudes, knowledge & beliefs that allow someone to succeed in society
What is ‘cultural equipment’?
Language, self-discipline & reasoning skills
What are the 3 main aspects of cultural deprivation?
Language, parents’ education and working-class subculture
What did the Centre for Longitudinal Studies find?
That by the age of 3, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to 1 year behind those from more privileged homes. This widens with age.
What did Hubbs-Tait et al find?
Where parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities.
What did Fernstein find about educated parents?
They are more likely to use the language that encourages children to evaluate.
What did Engelmann and Bereiter find?
Language used in lower-class homes is deficient. Communication is done by disjointed phrases or single words.
What is the restricted code?
(Bernstein)
Limited vocabulary. Speech is predictable and may involve only 1 word. Used by the working-class
What is the elaborated code?
(Bernstein)
Wider vocabulary. Based on longer, more complicated sentences. Used by the middle-class.
Why do the 2 types of codes give working-class students a disadvantage at school?
The elaborated code is used by teachers, textbooks, and exams.
What 4 key features did Sugarman find about working-class subcultures?
- Fatalism
- Collectivism
- Immediate gratification
- Present-time orientation
What is Fatalism?
Belief in fate - ‘it is what it is’ mindset, that there is nothing you can do to change your status.
What is Collectivism?
Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding individually.
What is immediate gratification?
Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future.
What is present-time orientation?
Seeing the present as more important than the future so not having a long term goal.
What did Keddie say about Cultural Deprivation?
Saw it as a ‘myth’, and sees it as a victim-blaming explanation.
Children are culturally ‘different’, not deprived.
What did Troyna and Williams find?
Teachers have a ‘speech hierarchy’: they label middle-class speech highest, followed by working-class speech and black speech is last.
What did Blackstone and Mortimore find about parents evenings?
They attend fewer parents evenings, not because of a lack of interest, but because they work long hours.
What is material deprivation?
Poverty or a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing & income.
What did the Department for Education say about FSM?
Barely a third of students eligible for free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSEs at A*-C including maths & english.
What did Flaherty find?
Money problems in the family are a significant factor in younger children’s non-attendance at school.
