Education & Class

Question 1

What is the restricted code?

Answer 1

Used by the W/C:

• Short sentences
• Simple words
• Assumes the listener share the same experience

Question 2

What is the elaborated code?

Answer 2

Used by middle class:
• Complex sentences
• Doesn’t assume listeners have the same experiences
• Used by teachers and textbooks

Question 3

Who came up with the restricted and elaborated code?

Answer 3

Bernstein

Question 4

What external factors impact class and education

Answer 4

• Cultural deprivation
• Material deprivation
• Cultural capital

Question 5

What are the main aspects of cultural deprivation

Answer 5

Language, parent’s education and working class subcultures.

Question 6

How does language contribute to cultural deprivation

Answer 6

Hubbs-Tait: Educated parents use challenging language to evaluate thinking.

Bernstein: Restricted and elaborated code.

Question 7

How does parental education contribute to cultural deprivation

Answer 7

Douglas: W/C parents place less importance on education and give less encouragement.

Feinstein: M/C pupils advantaged by parents income and parenting and educational behaviour.

Question 8

Which sociologists argued W/C subcultures prevent children from achieving

Answer 8

Sugarman

Question 9

What are features of W/C subcultures

Answer 9

(1) Fatalism
(2) Collectivism
(3) Immediate gratification
(4) Present-time orientation

Question 10

What argues there is a myth of cultural deprivation

Answer 10

Keddie

As she argues CD is victim blaming and one can’t be deprived of their own culture.

Question 11

What does compensatory educational programmes aim to do

Answer 11

Tackle cultural deprivation by providing resources to compensate for deprivation experienced at home, e.g. surestart.

Question 12

How can labelling impact education?

Answer 12

It can lead to SFP which is evident by Rosenthal and Jocabson.

Question 13

What are Bourdieu 3 types of capital?

Answer 13

x Cultural capital

x Educational and economic capital - Can be converted into each other for example children are sent to private schools.

Question 14

What are examples of material deprivation

Answer 14

• Housing
• Diet and health
• Lack of financial support
• Fear of debt

Question 15

A* - C economy

Answer 15

Schools are ranked on league tables passed on exam results.

So to get and maintain good league position school focus on pupils with potential.

a. Those who will pass
b. Those with potential
c. Hopeless cases

Question 16

What is streaming?

Answer 16

Separating children into groups based on ability which increases likelihood of SFP as low streamers attract low expectations.

Question 17

Polarisation

Answer 17

Where pupils respond to streaming by moving towards an anti-school subcultures or a pro-school subculture.

Question 18

W/C and achievement (conflicting?)

Answer 18

“The choice is between unworthiness at school for wearing certain clothes and worthlessness at home for not”.

• Forced to choose between maintaining their W/C identifies or abandoning them and conforming to the M/C habitus to succeed.

Question 19

Responses to pro and anti school subcultures

Answer 19

• Ingration (teacher pet)
• Ritualism
• Retreatism (mucking around)
• Rebellion (rejects all of school’s value)

Question 20

How does the NIKE identify lead to symbolic violence

Answer 20

Creates self-worth by investing and consuming a particular brand that conflicts with a school’s dress code.
Can lead to marginalisation.