Education

Question 1

Weiner

Answer 1

Sexist stereotypes are removed from books and exam papers.

Question 2

Gorard

Answer 2

Coursework favours girls.

Coursework was introduced with the Educational Reform Act of 1988.

Question 3

Mitsos and Brown (In school)

Answer 3

Girls do better at coursework because - 
- They are organised.
- They take care.
- They spend longer on it.
Girls also underestimate themselves.

Question 4

Sewell

Answer 4

Feminised curriculum favours girls.

Question 5

Groddal

Answer 5

Boys get negative teacher attention.

Boys talk more in lessons.

Question 6

Mitsos and Brown (Boys underachieve)

Answer 6

Crisis in masculinity = decline in traditional male jobs.

Question 7

Barber

Answer 7

Boys overestimate their ability.

Question 8

Epsten

Answer 8

Laddish subcultures.

Question 9

MacanGhail

Answer 9

Boys, who try are seen as feminine.

Question 10

Browne

Answer 10

“Roller-coaster of achievement.”

1990s = more opportunities (mainly for women).

Question 11

Sharpe

Answer 11

1970s - 1990s = girl’s aspirations.

The aspirations changed because of feminism.

Question 12

McRobbie

Answer 12

Positive female role models in the media.

Question 13

Mitsos and Brown (Girls achieve more)

Answer 13

More female career opportunities.

Service sector work = mainly girls = seen as more important than compared to the past.

Question 14

Lobban

Answer 14

Content analysis of children’s books.
Girls = studious and quiet.
Boys = loud and boisterous.

Question 15

Webb

Answer 15

More women work.

Question 16

Francis

Answer 16

More women in professional jobs.

More positive role models and just more role models in general.

Question 17

Paetcher (1998)

Answer 17

Girls, who choose the subject of sport are often stigmatised because it is seen to fall within the “Male Gender Domain.”
Peer pressure exudes a huge influence over subject choice.
= labelled as “Butch” or “lesbian”.

Question 18

Youndell (2004)

Answer 18

Educational triage = The rationing of educational opportunity.

Question 19

Wood

Answer 19

4 steps/types = subcultures.

1) Rebellion = Outright rejection for everything that school stands for.
2) Ingratiation = Being the teacher’s pet.
3) Ritualism = Going through the motions and staying out of trouble.
4) Retreatism = Daydreaming and mucking about.

Question 20

Bartlett (1993)

Answer 20

Marketisation = How success at school can lead to cream skimming and silt sifting of students.

Question 21

Mirza

Answer 21

She studied 2 comprehensive schools in London and found that black girls did better than black boys and white pupils.
She believes that educational achievement of black women is underestimated.
Challenges the labeling theory.
Was racist labeling of the girls but it didn’t affect the girl’s confidence.
The labeling had a positive affect and it boosted the girl’s confidence and aim for success.

Question 22

Rosenthal and Jacobson

Answer 22

Random 25% of students picked - Teacher’s expectations changed.
Pygmalion effect in the classroom.

Question 23

Beck

Answer 23

Teacher’s labels are ideal for the middle class students (labeling depends on the class the student’s are in).

Question 24

Hargreaves et al - (Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor) - (1975)

Answer 24

Speculation / Elaboration and Stabilisation.

Question 25

Ball, Bowe and Gewirtz

Answer 25

Competitive advantage and parental choice. | They studied parental choice and encouragement of competition.

Question 26

Chubb and Moe

Answer 26

Supply and demand.

Question 27

Young and Willmott

Answer 27

Bethnall Green family structure, questionable validity.

Question 28

Labov

Answer 28

Tried structured interviews with 5 year olds.

Question 29

Dobash and Dobash

Answer 29

Husband and wife, who researched domestic violence. Built rapport and relationships with the people, who they were studying. The trust between the people in the study brought more data. Group interviews.

Question 30

Willis (1977)

Answer 30

"Learning to Labour," = The Lads. | Social desirabillity affect, they might lie.

Question 31

Lacey

Answer 31

Two steps = 1) Differentiation. 2) Polarisation.

Question 32

Bowles and Gintis

Answer 32

School mirrors the workplace. Prepares a strict hierarchy. Hidden curriculum.

Question 33

Parsons

Answer 33

Bridge between Paticularistic and Universalistic values.

Question 34

Merton

Answer 34

Manifest and Latent functions.

Question 35

Davis and Moore

Answer 35

Role allocation.

Question 36

Althusser

Answer 36

``` Ideological state apparatus. Passes on the false class conscience. ```

Question 37

Durkheim

Answer 37

Society in the miniature.

Question 38

J. W. Douglas

Answer 38

The working class have a lack of resources and experience that enable success.

Question 39

Bernstein

Answer 39

The Middle class have elaborated speech codes.

Question 40

Sugarman

Answer 40

``` The Working class have a specific subculture. They are fatalistic and they want instant gratification. ```

Question 41

Harker

Answer 41

Poor quality housing has a negative affect on education.

Question 42

Howard

Answer 42

Poor quality diet has a negative affect on education.

Question 43

Ridge

Answer 43

The poor can't afford cool things. | This can cause bullying and also lead to anti-school subcultures.

Question 44

Bourdieu

Answer 44

Middle and Upper class people have higher culture capital, parent choice and better schools.

Question 45

Sullivan

Answer 45

Reading fictional novels and watching serious TV dramas can equal educational success.

Question 46

Gewirtz

Answer 46

Privileged choosers.

Question 47

Hey

Answer 47

Studied Girl's friendships. | Allowed them to take time out of their lessons to do the study.