Education

Question 1

Why can material deprivation affect education:

Answer 1

Can result in being unable to perform certain tasks, not attending school and exclusion

Question 2

Immediate gratification:

Answer 2

Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future

Question 3

Present time orientation:

Answer 3

Seeing the present as more important than the future and therefore don’t have long term goals or plans

Question 4

Fatalism:

Answer 4

Belief that there is no way to change your status

Question 5

Collectivism:

Answer 5

To value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual

Question 6

Elaborate code:

Answer 6

Speech code typically used by the middle class which commonly includes wider vocabulary which is not context bound and communicates more abstract ideas

Question 7

Restricted code:

Answer 7

Speech code typically used by the working class which commonly includes a limited vocabulary which is context bound

Question 8

Habitus:

Answer 8

Refers to the learned being and acting that are shared by a particular social class. This includes their tastes and prejudices about lifestyle and consumption, outlook of life and expectations of others

Question 9

Cultural capital:

Answer 9

Refers to culture which higher-class children possess before even entering the education system and which they can invest into it

Question 10

Cultural deprivation:

Answer 10

Stress the dysfunctional culture of the working class home as if it is a kind of cultural “poverty”

Question 11

Pierre Bourdieu:

Answer 11

Argues that both cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievement

Question 12

Barry Sugarman:

Answer 12

Argues working class norms and values do not support the needs of the education system

Question 13

Douglas:

Answer 13

Argues potential interest is the most important factor in shaping success or failure in education

Question 14

Bernstein:

Answer 14

Argues success in education depends mostly on language

Question 15

Archer:

Answer 15

Argues that working class people believe representing themselves is more important and if they changed that, they would be more successful

Question 16

Material deprivation:

Answer 16

Refers to the poverty and lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income

Question 17

What do functionalists think about education?

Answer 17

Good, based on shared values and beneficial for all

Question 18

What do functionalists believe education does for individuals?

Answer 18

Allocates them to better suited jobs - sorts according to ability

Question 19

What did Durkheim say?

Answer 19

Social solidarity - individuals must feel part of the single ‘body’. Education is a miniature society.

Question 20

What did Parsons say about education?

Answer 20

Important to create value consensus - this is needed to cope with the wider world. Education is a meritocracy as all students are judged on the same standards

Question 21

What did Davis and Moore say?

Answer 21

Education is a way to select future roles. The most able get the higher qualifications and the most important jobs

Question 22

What are some criticisms of Durkheim?

Answer 22

Britain is culturally diverse, not everyone can have our British culture

Question 23

Criticisms of Parsons:

Answer 23

Not all children have equal opportunities. Eg rich parents can give their children tutoring or more support than the working class

Question 24

Criticisms of Davis and Moore:

Answer 24

Class can affect opportunities a child has, it isn’t just based on qualifications

Question 25

What do the New Right believe about education?

Answer 25

Think similar to functionalists, but believe the current education system isn’t fulfilling it

Question 26

What do the New Right think is wrong?

Answer 26

State has a ‘one size fits all’ approach and isn’t looking at local needs

Question 27

What do the New Right think the state should do?

Answer 27

Impose a framework in which schools must compete, and advertise

Question 28

What do Marxists believe about education?

Answer 28

Education offers norms and values, however it does this to support the needs of capitalism. Supports the ‘myth of meritocracy’

Question 29

What do Marxists believe the ‘hidden curriculum’ does?

Answer 29

Creates conformity and obedient future workers

Question 30

What was Bowles and Gintis’ principle?

Answer 30

Correspondence principle, meaning that school mirrors the world of work

Question 31

What does Bourdieu say?

Answer 31

Working class are fooled into accepting their failure, by being told they don’t have the ability to succeed. In reality, working class are set to fail, while the middle class ‘hold all the aces.

Question 32

What does Paul Willis say?

Answer 32

Says that education system isn’t always successful in socialisation and pupils develop ‘counter sub cultures

Question 33

Who did Paul Willis study and what did he find?

Learning to labour

Answer 33

Boys in secondary schools in the 70s - observation and participant observation enabled him to see the boys develop counter school culture

Question 34

Main features of Paul Willis’ lad counter school culture?

Answer 34

Lads felt superior to teachers and conformist pupils. They had little or no value to academic work thus avoided lessons.

Question 35

What were Paul Willis’ conclusions from the “learning to labour” study?

Answer 35

Education system was failing to produce ideal workers as they were far from obedient and docile (Bowles and Gintis)

Question 36

External factors that can affect educational achievement to do with social class:

Answer 36

Cultural deprivation

Material deprivation

Lack of cultural capital

Question 37

What is cultural deprivation?

Answer 37

Middle class families having advantages over early years intellectual development, use of language, attitudes and values

Question 38

Examples of early years intellectual development and who did a study on it:

Answer 38

Reading to children, education toys.

Douglas found that children being read to were less likely to happen in working class families.

Question 39

What did Bernstein and Young find?

Answer 39

Found that middle class mothers are more likely to pick toys that encourage children’s intellectual development

Question 40

How does use of language affect achievement?

Answer 40

Working class have restricted code with limited vocabulary and short sentences whereas middle class speak elaborate code with wider vocal and complex sentences

Question 41

How can the class’ different attitudes and values affect achievement?

Answer 41

Hyman - lower class believe they have no opportunities thus don’t see value in education

Question 42

What does fatalism mean for the working class?

Answer 42

“What will be, will be” nothing to change that

Question 43

What did Sugarman say about working class attitudes to education?

Answer 43

Favour immediate gratification, seek pleasure now, rather than later. See the present as more important than the future. Value being part of a group more than individual achievement

Question 44

Meritocracy:

Answer 44

Idea of a society governed by people selected by merit

Question 45

Formal curriculum:

Answer 45

Includes the national curriculum, key skills such as reading and writing and subjects

Question 46

Hidden curriculum:

Answer 46

Include manners, responsibility and interaction.