Education

Question 1

Sherwood

Answer 1

2001

Race, Empire and Education

Building empire required institutionalizing ideas of the superior Englishman.
- Honest etc

Lord Milner 1901
Education capacity of Africans is different to English
They should instead focus on skilled labour

No history

Headmasters expounded racial hierarchy - institutional racism

James Hunt founder of RAS held racial superiority views

1927 president of the Board of Education patriotism foundation of teaching

Question 2

Carby

Answer 2

1982

Educational policy embodied idea of assimilation

• schools a primary site for this
• Black children seen as retarded
• Over-representation of black children in ESN schools

Trying to transform black youth was a rejection of their culture as a whole

Black parents seen as inhibitors
- Unable to provide adequate conditions

Educational system instantly placed a class of people as ‘outside’

Policy shift - interventionist

• social services, teachers, police
• authority
• put black youth in relationship with different levels of authority

English language as key to integration.

• Creole is immature
• indicative of inferiority

Question 3

Roberts

Answer 3

1984

Deprived inner city areas suffered under Thatcher funding cuts.

Fuelled high unemployment

Blacks unemployment rate ran 40% higher than whites

It’s doubtful whether whites have any idea of black ambitions in the inner cities
- they want opportunities WITHIN their areas

Question 4

Benyon

Answer 4

1984

Failure to motivate children

Lack of cultural understanding

Question 5

Reay and Mirza

Answer 5

2006

Supplementary schools a reactive response

Mainly ran by women

• a new social movement in itself
• a break from the masculine world of riots, violence, struggle of male youth in city

Children learn Black Studies
- all too often people are starved of the images of themselves

Sup. schools were the only way in education for black people to preserve their heritage

Centering the child, giving them a voice

Cultural difference must be recognised, otherwise it reinforces racist practices - OFSTED

Question 6

Graham and Robinson

Answer 6

2004

Schools reflect the social, cultural and political configurations of wider society

Black communities marginalized through domination of Eurocentric knowledge
- history one sided

Teachers influenced by powerful stereotypes

• Crime and problem of black youth
• Created hidden curriculum

Part of ‘everyday’ racism

1998 Times Educational Supplement
- Black boys 15 times more likely excluded

Issues of exclusion been denied, unacknowledged

• Denial created schism between institutions and community
• Anger among black parents, discrimination

Enters school at odds with white, leave worse

You go into shops, they follow you

Question 7

Morrison

Answer 7

1989

Essentializing discourse
- One black person is all black people

Question 8

Thomas

Answer 8

1984

Attempt to blame blacks for the economic problems of society

Skills and degrees from colonial institutions seen as worthless.