Education

Question 1

Durkheim

Answer 1

Main role of education as the transmission of norms and values of society.

Question 2

Parsons

Answer 2

Universalistic Values:
1) Bridge between family and wider society
2) Socialises children into basic values of society.
3) Selects people for their future roles in society.

Question 3

Davis and Moore

Answer 3

Role allocation - education sifts and sorts people according to abilities so most able gain highest qualifications.

Question 4

Bowles and Gintis

Answer 4

education is controlled by capitalists and serves their interests. Education prepares workforce through hidden curriculum.

Question 5

Giroux

Answer 5

1) WC pupils do not passively accept everything, but shape own education.
2) Capitalists do not have all power.
3) Education system possesses relative autonomy from economic base.

Question 6

Willis

Answer 6

Education system failing to produce ideal compliant workers for capitalist system (lad culture)

Question 7

Douglas

Answer 7

Cultural Deprivation:
1) WC parents visited school less often to discuss children’s progress.
2) Less keen for children to stay on at school.

Question 8

Feinstein

Answer 8

Financial deprivation - having poorer parents had effect on achievement.
Cultural Deprivation - more important, extent to which parents encouraged and supported their children to how they achieved.

Question 9

Goodman and Gregg

Answer 9

Cultural Factors:
1) quality of mother child interactions e.g. reading books.
2) Value put on education by parents.

Question 10

Bernstein

Answer 10

Speech patterns affect achievement:
1) Restricted code - short, simple, unfinished sentences.
2) Elaborate code - speech in which meanings are filled in and made explicit.

Question 11

Bourdieu

Answer 11

Four types of capital affect achievement:
1) Ownership of wealth
2) Possession of educational qualifications
3) Social contacts
4) Possession of status

Question 12

Ball et al

Answer 12

Educational choice and cultural capital:
1) MC parents knowledge to play the system for best schools.
2) WC parents lack money for public transport.
3) WC parents lack cultural capital and material resources.

Question 13

Smith et al

Answer 13

MC wealth advantage:
1) MC provide books and educational toys.
2) WC can’t afford school trips.
3) Schools in affluent areas more successful, attract more pupils.

Question 14

Hargreaves

Answer 14

Factors such as pupils appearance, how they respond to discipline, personality, deviance, leads to teachers attaching label to them as ‘good’ or ‘bad’.

Question 15

Mac and Ghaill

Answer 15

Labelling and peer groups:
1) Macho lads - academic failures usually WC.
2) Academic achievers - academic successes, skilled WC backgrounds, tried hard at school.
3) New enterprisers - positive attitude to school, vocational curriculum route to success.

Question 16

Modood

Answer 16

some ethnic minority pupils high levels of cultural capital even though WC, parents place high value on education success, knowledge and understanding of education.

Question 17

Strand

Answer 17

Comparison of ethnicity and educational achievement:
1) Indian pupils - high levels of aspiration, low levels of exclusion, resource provision at home.
2) African-Caribbean - high levels of poverty, poor accommodation, attending schools in deprivation.

Question 18

Sewell

Answer 18

Factors outside of school explain low achievement of African Caribbean boys:
- Lone parent families, no role model.
- Vulnerable to peer pressure.
- Formation of anti-school subcultures.

Question 19

Coard

Answer 19

systematic racism in British education, teachers have low expectations of black pupils.

Question 20

Stanworth

Answer 20

Found bias against girls e.g.
- teachers found it difficult to remember girls names.
- pupils believed boys received more attention then girls.
- girls underestimated their ability.

Question 21

Francis

Answer 21

Girls disadvantaged in education system:
- males dominating classrooms
- boys disciplined more frequently than girls
- gender divisions in subject choice

Question 22

Colley

Answer 22

Differences in subject choice by gender:
- Subjects have different images, e.g. computing is working with machines.
- girls feel comfortable with scientific and technical subjects only when taught in single-sex classes/schools

Question 23

Sue Sharpe

Answer 23

Changes in girls aspirations:
- 70s love and marriage
- 90s jobs and careers

Question 24

Pirie

Answer 24

Believes that the shift in coursework has benefited girls at the expense of boys. Boys tend to cram for exams effectively.

Question 25

Jackson

Answer 25

Laddish culture:
- schools dominated by hegemonic masculinity.
- boys messed around to impress peers.
- academic work seen as uncool

Question 26

Mitsos and Browne

Answer 26

• teachers have low expectations of boys, expect them to be disruptive and their work to be late and rushed.

Question 27

Rosenthal and Jacobson

Answer 27

Self-fufilling prophecy, labels has effect on achievement of pupils.