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Sociology Paper 1 > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are state schools?

A

Schools that are funded by the government

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2
Q

What are private schools?

A

Fee paying schools

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3
Q

What are alternative provision schools

A

Schools for those who are unable to attend main stream education

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4
Q

What is human capital?

A

the Knowledge, skills and values that make someone an economic asset to society.

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5
Q

What is the hidden curriculum?

A

the informal learning processes that happen in school.
-teaches students the norms and values of society.

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6
Q

What are particularistic values?

A

values which only apply to that particular Person in a given situation
(E.g values learnt at home)

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7
Q

What are universalistic values?

A

Norms and values that apply to all members of Society equally.

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8
Q

Which functionalist believes education provides socialisation and social solidarity?

A

Durkheim = education serves to teach people the norms and values of society, to preserve the value consensus (through the hidden curriculum)

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9
Q

Which functionalists believes education provides Role allocation?

A

Davis and Moore = provides a means to selecting where people fit in the social hierarchy.
-In a meritocratic society access to jobs and wealth is linked directly to educational achievement.

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10
Q

Which functionalist believes education provides a bridge between family and society?

A

Parsons = allows students to move from the ascribed
particularistic values of the home to the meritocratic and universalistic values of wider society.

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11
Q

Which functionalist believes education provides human capital?

A

Schultz = education makes sure that the best and most qualified people end up in jobs that require the most skill.

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12
Q

What is the New Right view of education (exculding sociologists)

A

Similar beliefs to the functionalists but believe that the state takes too much of a role and the free market policies (marketisation) would raise standards.

-Schools should compete with one another and parents should be seen as consumers

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13
Q

Who proposed Education vouchers and parentocracy (new right view)

A

Chubb and moe:

Education vouchers = each family would be given a voucher to spend on buying education from a school of their choice.
-This would force schools to become more responsive to parents wishes, since the vouchers would be the schools’ main source of income.

Parentocracy = an educational free-market where all parents are assumed to have a free choice of school to sent their children to

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14
Q

Which marxist proposed the Correspondence principal the myth of meritocracy?

A

Bowles and Gintis:
Correspondence principal = School processes mirror the world of work in order

Myth of meritocracy = Education claims to be meritocratic but schools discriminate in favour of the middle class,

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15
Q

Which marxist proposed the reproduction and legitimsastion of social inequality?

A

Althusser: ideological state apparatus
Reproduction = Private education prepares children for the elite for positions of power

Legitimisation = Middle classes have access to more cultural and economic capital which puts them at an advantage.

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16
Q

What are the 3 aims of educational policies in the UK?

A
  1. Economic Efficiency = develop the skills of the young to improve the labour force.
  2. Raising educational standards
  3. Creating equality of educational opportunity
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17
Q

What are 3 educational policies that increased equality in education?

A

1988 Education act - National curriculum, open enrolment
1965 –Comprehensivisation Act
School Admissions code

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18
Q

How did the 1988 Education act increase equality in education and what is the evaluation?

A

National curriculum = All schools had to teach the same core curriculum
Open enrolment = all parents had a choice of their first choice school

evaluation - Only suitable for those who are more “academic”
-Open enrolment led to oversubscription policies

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19
Q

How did the 1965 Comprehensivisation Act increase equality in education and what is the evaluation?

A

The Tripartite System was abolished and Comprehensive schools established (one type of school for all pupils)

Evaluation - Comprehensive schools are large so lack individual attention

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20
Q

How did the Schools admissions code Increase equality in education and what is the evaluation?

A

Forbids discrimination in admitting pupils based on their socio-economic background

Evaluation - Covert selection still takes place by both schools and parents.

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21
Q

What are the 4 aspects of educational equality and who proposed them?

A

Gilbourn & Youdell
-Equality of access
-Equality of circumstance
-Equality of participation
-Equality of outcome

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22
Q

What are 2 selection and admissions policies?

A

School admissions code = Forbids discrimination in admitting pupils based on their socio-economic background

Oversubscription policies:
-Selection by Catchment Area = the closer a student lives to the school, the more likely they are to get into the school.
-Sibling Policies – those with brother’s and sisters who already attend the school are more likely to get a place

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23
Q

What is the evaluation for the marxist view of education?

A

Marxists fail to see how education has failed all social groups not just the working class.

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24
Q

What are 2 argument points in favour of selection policies

A
  • Allows ‘high-flyers’ to benefit
  • Specialised and focused teaching can take place
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25
Q

What is marketisation of education?

A
  • education is pushed towards operating like a business based on supply and demand.
  • Students and parents are considered consumers
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26
Q

What is privatisation of education?

A

transfer of services within the school being owned by the state to being owned by private companies

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27
Q

What are two examples of the privatisation of education?

A

Educational consultants - who will advise schools and colleges for a fee of the best ways to maximise their potential

Educational brands - schools using specific software e.g. google classroom

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28
Q

What is privatisation in education?

A

the internal processes of a school to be more like a business

-e.g. Giving parents choice so they become consumers (open enrolment)
Linking school funding to success rates (formula funding)

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29
Q

What are strengths of privitisation?

A

-More choice for parents
-Profit making might induce companies to support failing schools
David - argued the marketisation of education moved the power away from schools and to the parents, creating a pantocracy.

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30
Q

What are weaknesses of privatisation?

A

-private companies may change the type of knowledge which pupils are taught

Ball = Cola- isation of schools
- vending machines in schools and the development of brand loyalty through logos and sponsorships.

31
Q

What are the 3 features of marketisation?

A

-School independance
-Choice
-Competition

32
Q

What are 3 education policies that increase standards?

A

1988 education reform act = Funding formula, League Table, Ofsted, National testing

New Labour 1977-2010 = Business sponsored Academies (co-sponsors can provide money and oversee the school)

Coalition 2010-2015 = Increased tuition fees in higher eduction, £3000-£9000 a year

33
Q

Give 2 points of how marketisation doesnt raise standards

A

Myth of parentocracy = schools will often only take students from certain catchment areas. With the best schools being in the wealthiest areas, working-class students can be disadvantaged.

Ball = argued that the middle class has largely benefitted from policies of choice and competition.
-Their cultural capital, for example, allows them to see league tables . Ball calls these middle-class parents ‘skilled choosers’.

34
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The growing technological, economic and cultural interconnectedness between people and nation states.

35
Q

What is the hyper globalist view of globalisation and education?

A

Ohmae = Greater access to information creating higher educational achievement.
-e.g Global ICT companies such as Apple and Google creating online resources

36
Q

What is the marxist view of globalisation and education?

A

Spring = Global Corporations are setting the educational agenda.
-e.g schools have to change the curriculum to meet new needs (Computer Science)

37
Q

What is the link between globalisation and education culturally?

A

Increased multiculturalism in schools and decline of the ethnocentric curriculum

ethnocentric curriculum ( Ball - The current curriculum is very focused on Middle class White British culture )

38
Q

How has globalisation created competition between schools?

A

Global rankings used to compare and contrast systems and raise standards.

PISA Tests - an international assessment that measures 15-year-old students’ reading, mathematics, and science literacy every 3 years.

39
Q

What are the 4 main features of globalisation (with brief descriptions)

A
  1. Technological = Connect despite distance, ICT, google
  2. Economic = Trade, transnational companies
  3. Cultural = global culture created by mass media
  4. Migration = People are moving more freely within and between countries creating ethinic diverity in diffrent places
40
Q

What are the characteristics of an ideal pupil?

A

Female, white, middle class, submissive

41
Q

Who proposed the labelling theory and what did they say?

A

Becker = teacher/ pupil interactions are based on labels and can lead to a self fulfilling prophecy where the students take on the label and act accordingly.

42
Q

Who proposed language codes and what did they say?

A

Bernstein:

Restricted code = Working class, Limited vocab , Grammatically simple, Informal

Elaborated code = Middle class, wide vocab, Grammatically complex, Formal

43
Q

What is the difference between streaming and setting?

A

Streaming= children are placed in groups according to their general academic ability

Setting= children are grouped by ability according to an individual subject.

44
Q

What are 2 evaluations of the labelling theory?

A
  • Too deterministic (doesnt acknowledge free will)
  • Fuller = black girls in a London comprehensive school were labelled as low-achievers, but their response to was to knuckle down and study hard to prove them wrong.
45
Q

What are the two types of subcultures? give 2 characteristics of each.

A

Anti- school subculture = rebelious, lower stream

Pro - school subculture = obedient, academic success

46
Q

What is a research for pro- school subcultures?

A

Mac an Ghail =
The academic achievers = mainly middle class, pursing success through traditional A-level subjects

The New Enterprisers = mainly from working class pursuing success through vocational subjects such as Business Studies.

47
Q

What is a research for anti- school subcultures?

A

Paul willis = “The lads”
-The lads saw school learning as pointless to their future lives as factory workers.
-They therefor resented school, and spent their time messing around

48
Q

Give 3 points of how school shapes pupil identities

A
  • Ethnocentric curriculum ( Ball - The current curriculum is very focused on Middle class White British culture Ball refers to as “Little Englandism” this can turn both ethnic minorities and
    Girls who feel excluded.

Subcultures (Willis, Sewell, fuller)

Labelling (Becker, Gilbourn & Youdell)

Subject choice (Kelly)

49
Q

What are 3 ways of measuring educational acheivement?

A

-External factors
-Internal factors
-Official statistics

50
Q

How are university acceptances used to measure educational achievement?

A

This comes from UCAS data that is released after all students have been placed.

51
Q

Give one brief strength and limitation for official statistics in education

A

S = they are an easily accessible data source
L = they are not very detailed (dont tell us why)

52
Q

Give 3 internal factors of difference in class educational achievement

A
  1. Labelling ( Becker)
  2. Pupil subcultures (paul willis)
  3. Elaborated and restricted code (bernstein)
53
Q

Give 3 evaluation points for the 3 internal factors of class differences in educational achievement

A
  1. Labelling (Becker) = Fuller, Black girls rejected label
  2. Pupil subcultures (paul willis) = Representativeness is poor – because the sample size is only 12.
  3. Elaborated and restricted code (Bernstein) = Determinstic, Doesnt necessarily determine how well they do in subjects
54
Q

Give 2 external factors of difference in class educational achievement

A
  1. Material deprivation (Fenstein)
  2. Cultural deprivation (Ball)
55
Q

Evaluate the 2 external factors of difference in class educational acheivement

A
  1. Material deprivation (Fenstein) = Deterministic, some students from poor backgrounds do well (eliminates the cause and effect relationship)
  2. Cultural deprivation (Ball) = From a research methods point of view, it is more difficult to research and test out some aspects of cultural capital theory
56
Q

What is the research on material deprevation?

A

Fenstein = found that low income is related to low cognitive skills amongst children as young as two years old

57
Q

What is the research on cultural deprevation?

A

Ball = skilled choosers & disconnected choosers,

58
Q

What are two external factors for ethnicity in differences of educational achievement

A
  1. Single parent households (Murray)
  2. Patrental control (Strand)
59
Q

Describe Single parent households for ethnicity in differences of educational achievement

A

Single parent households:
Black African and caribbean households are more likey to have lone parent households

Murray = African Caribbean Lone-Parenthood. Lack of male role-models means that mothers struggle to socialise children adequately.

60
Q

Describe parental control for ethnicity in differences of educational achievement

A

Strand = Research found Indian students are the ethnic group most likely to complete homework five evenings a week

61
Q

Evaluate the 2 external factors for ethnicity in differences of educational achievement

A

Reductionist

62
Q

What are 2 internal factors for ethnicity in differences of educational achievement

A
  1. Labelling (Gilbourn & Youdell)
  2. Anti- school subculture (Sewell)
63
Q

Describe labelling for ethnicity in differences of educational achievement

A

Gilbourn & Youdell = Teachers were quick to discipline Black pupils than others for similar behaviour.

-they misinterpret behaviour & see Black pupils as anti-authority

64
Q

Describe anti- school subcultures for ethnicity in differences of educational achievement

A

Sewell = Black boys underachievement, Due to the hyper- masculinity street culture
-Black boys who lack a father figure turn to street gangs.
-quick and easy route to wealth

65
Q

Evaluate the 2 internal factors for ethnicity in differences of educational achievement

A

Labelling (Gilbourn & Youdell) =
Fuller = black girls in a London comprehensive school were labelled as low-achievers, but their response to was to knuckle down and study hard to prove themwrong.

Anti- school subcultures (Sewell) = Reductionist

66
Q

Give 2 internal factors for differences in gender educational achievement

A
  1. Coursework (Mitos & Browne)
  2. Labelling (Swann and Graddol)
67
Q

Describe coursework for differences in gender educational achievement

A

Coursework (Mitos & Browne)
- girls are more successful in coursework because they are
more conscientious and better organised than boys which puts them at an advantage.

68
Q

Describe labelling for differences in gender educational achievement

A

Swann and Graddol - teachers tend to see boys disruptive and are more likely to spend time telling them off than helping them with schoolwork.

69
Q

Give 2 external factors for differences in gender educational achievement

A
  1. Feminism (Sharpe)
  2. Norman (parent socialisation)
70
Q

Describe Feminism for differences in gender educational achievement

A

Sharpe = Interviewed girls in 1970 (Valued family and husband) and 1990 (Valued job & career)

71
Q

Give one internal difference in boys educational achievement

A

Anti- school subculture = Paul willis “The lads”

72
Q

Give one external difference in boys educational achievement

A

Norman = parents socialise girls in more passive activities, such as reading with them,
whereas ‘typical boys’ are encouraged to run around and ‘let of steam’ more.
explains why boys do active subjects such as P.E. and girls do reflective, academic subjects such as English.

73
Q

Give 2 explanations For gender subject choice?

A

Norman = parents socialise girls in more passive activities, such as reading with them,
whereas ‘typical boys’ are encouraged to run around and ‘let of steam’ more.
explains why boys do active subjects such as P.E. and girls do reflective, academic subjects such as English.

Kelly = Gendered subject image, science is seen as a boys subject due to there being more male teachers.

Sociology Paper 1 (2 decks)

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