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Education Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Material deprivation

A

Lack of money

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2
Q

Material reasons for working-class pupils underachieving in education

A
  • Poor diet/health due to a lack of energy therefore problems focusing
  • Cost of education due to a lack of material factors
  • Bullied by other peers due to being distracted by other students
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3
Q

Criticisms for material deprivation

A
  • Not all WC students are affected by material deprivation and still underachieve
  • Compensatory education e.g ‘Pupil Premium’ was a government policy introduced to help WC students that were struggling with material deprivation
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4
Q

Cultural deprivation

A

Lack of correct norms/values

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5
Q

Present time orientation

A

Live life in the moment and do not worry about the future

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6
Q

Future time orientation

A

Working hard at the moment for a better future

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7
Q

Immediate gratification

A

Wanting rewards now rather than working hard for them in the future

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8
Q

Fatalistic attitude

A

Believing life is based on luck rather than working to succeed

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9
Q

The external reason why language is essential for education

A

The language parents communicate with their children in may affect their understanding of the spoken language the subject that is taught

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10
Q

What code does working-class/middle-class use and to who does it give a disadvantage?

A
  • WC = restricted code
  • MC = elaborated code which fits the capitalist education system
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11
Q

Economic Capital meaning/example

A

Having money which gives an advantage in education e.g able to afford private schools/live in areas with better education

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12
Q

Cultural Capital meaning/example

A

Having MC attitudes/skills e.g elaborated code

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13
Q

Ethnocentric
meaning/example

A

Based on 1 ethnicity e.g white British e.g school meals are not diverse and are ethnocentric

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14
Q

Nike identity theory

A

Nike-branded clothing items are labelled as rebellious by teachers which can lead to underachievement due to living up to that label

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15
Q

Symbolic capital

A

MC pupils earn status from schools

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16
Q

What is a self fulfilling prophecy?

A

When a person is given a label by someone and the person lives up to it

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17
Q

Labelling meaning/labels for each class

A
  • WC = unintelligent
  • MC = obedient
    These labels can become accepted by pupils because they will live up to the label that is placed upon them
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18
Q

Setting and streaming meaning

A
  • Sets = Pupils are put in groups based on their ability at learning
  • Streaming = is the same ability group for every subject
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19
Q

Setting and streaming examples for each class

A

MC are usually in higher sets/streams whereas WC are in the opposite position where behaviour is usually worse

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20
Q

Criticism for setting and streaming

A

Any pupil from both classes can move into higher sets/streams if they perform well

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21
Q

Subculture meaning

A

A subculture is a group of people who share the same norms/values which differ from the rest of society

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22
Q

Examples of subcultures

A
  • Anti-school subcultures = Students who misbehave achieve status by breaking school rules
  • Pro-school subcultures = Students who behave well and value school as a place to learn achieve a good education
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23
Q

Criticism for subcultures

A

Interactionalists ignore external factors which can be a reason why pupils underachieve therefore it can’t be generalised

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24
Q

Class identity/self-exclusion meaning

A

WC pupils are forced to choose between abandoning their working-class identity and conforming to MC habitus to succeed

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25
Q

Habitus meaning

A

The ways of thinking that are shared by different social classes

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26
Q

Which habitus is the education system based on/example?

A

MC habitus e.g elaborated code

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27
Q

Radical feminists view on the education system

A

Education is patriarchal as boys benefit from education more than girls do because they get better jobs and are paid more

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28
Q

Why do Radical feminists believe in the male gaze and what is it?

A

Where girls are sexualised/ dominated by men in the workplace

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29
Q

Why do Liberal feminists believe the education system has improved for girls now?

A

There are education systems e.g GIST, STEM and WISE that encourage girls to take science/ technology subjects which are stereotypically seen as boy subjects = led to more equality

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30
Q

Which ethnicities/genders perform better in education? (2 examples)

A
  • Indians perform better than Pakistani/Bangladeshi students
  • Girls from all ethnicities perform better than the boys apart from Chinese boys
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31
Q

Who is more likely to experience material deprivation and why?

A

Ethnic minorities as they lack the essential equipment to succeed in achieving

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32
Q

Criticism as to why ethnic minorities are LESS likely to underachieve due to material deprivation?

A

Indian/Chinese pupils who are materially deprived still performed better than white pupils who weren’t materially deprived

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33
Q

Cultural deprivation meaning

A

Ethnic minority pupils who don’t speak the same language at school as at home could be at a disadvantage as parents who don’t speak English are unable to support their child with homework

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34
Q

Who is the education system set up to benefit and why?

A

White British pupils as it is ethnocentric e.g History, English Lit/Lang

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35
Q

Internal reasons as to why the education system benefits White British pupils and why

A
  • Cantine doesn’t have Halal foods
  • Holidays are timetabled for the Christian religion

Which makes ethnic minorities feel ignored meaning they will have no interest in the subjects they’re being taught therefore leads to underachieving

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36
Q

Criticism as to why the education system being ethnocentric makes ethnic minorities underachieve

A

Asian cultures are ignored in the curriculum but Chinese pupils achieve above average

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37
Q

Teacher labelling for ethnic minorities

A

Asian children received the least attention in class and were often excluded because teachers assumed their English wasn’t good

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38
Q

Criticism as to teacher labelling for ethnic minorities/meaning of model minorities

A

Ethnic minorities can become a model minorities (achieving success above average)

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39
Q

Examples for ethnic minorities in sets/streams

A

Black pupils end up in the bottom sets and streams

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40
Q

Criticism of subcultures through ethnic minorities e.g ‘The Black sisters’

A

‘The Black Sisters’ were anti-school by being disruptive in class although they know the importance of education therefore they studied outside of school meaning they were pro-education as they achieved well

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41
Q

Example of ethnic minorities creating subcultures

A

Indians created anti-school subcultures due to labelling therefore they underachieved

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42
Q

How has women’s attitudes changed overtime?

A
  • 1970s women’s main priorities were marriage/family
  • 1990s women’s education was prioritised therefore reflects how women’s attitudes and roles have changed in society over time
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43
Q

Criticism of how women’s attitudes changed overtime?

A

Women now have the ‘dual burden’ in modern society

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44
Q

Which gender is more likely to be pro-education and which gender from being WC tend to fail?

A

Girls are more likely to be pro-education than boys, although not all girls are successful at achieving as working-class girls tend to fail from creating anti-school subcultures

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45
Q

Why are boys less likely to be interested in education?

A

It has lost its masculine traits e.g lack of male teachers in primary schools therefore boys are taught at a young age subconsciously that education is seen as ‘feminine’

46
Q

Criticism as to why boys are less interested in education due to the feminisation

A

A sociologist interviewed a primary school and ⅔ of the boy students said the gender of their teachers didn’t affect them

47
Q

Male subcultures/Laddish subcultures meaning

A

anti-education which has led to the failure of men in education therefore boys who don’t follow the laddish subcultures will be made fun of

48
Q

Which gender does teacher give more attention to and which gender is labelled more negatively

A

Teacher attention - Girls are seen as the ideal pupil whereas teachers label boys as naughty therefore it can become a self-fulfilling prophecy

49
Q

How does education create social solidarity

A

Education provides a sense of belonging to wider society

50
Q

Meritocratic principles meaning

A

Everyone is given equal opportunities

51
Q

What do feminists believe school socialises men to believe?

A

They’re more superior to women

52
Q

What is Hyper-heterosexual feminine identity

A

Girls go to school for male validation

53
Q

What is Gender identity?

A

how each gender is expected to look and behave

54
Q

What is the National Curriculum?

A

There are fewer differences in subject choice for both sexes as they have to study certain subjects

55
Q

What do feminists believe in subject choices for women?

A

Female subject choices will keep them in lower paid/lower-status jobs compared to men

56
Q

What are gender domains?

A

Tasks and activities which are stereotyped towards each gender

57
Q

What are Subject images?

A

where subjects are stereotyped for each gender

58
Q

What are teacher attitudes?

A

where they stereotype attitudes towards both sexes which may affect the way they behave e.g science is stereotyped as a boys subject therefore girls who take science have to face teacher attitudes

59
Q

What is peer pressure for subjects?

A

where peers will pressure each other to pick certain subjects to fit their gender domain

60
Q

What is Gendered career opportunities?

A

where each gender chooses certain jobs to fit their gender domain

61
Q

What is the Hidden curriculum?

A

things pupils learn that aren’t in the curriculum e.g respect and punctuality

62
Q

What is the correspondence theory?

A

where education links with the workplace

63
Q

What do Functionalists believe about education within the Hidden curriculum?

A

teaches norms and values of society

64
Q

What do Marxists believe about education within the hidden curriculum?

A

Teaches norms and values of the RC e.g accepting capitalism/being a low-paid worker

65
Q

What is the ideological state apparatus?

A

How we think

66
Q

Why do Marxists believe the ideological state apparatus links within the hidden curriculum?

A

the (ISA) is how we think therefore the hidden curriculum teaches us to accept capitalism

67
Q

Interactionalists theory of teacher labelling during interactions?

A

interactions between teachers and pupils can create a self-fulfilling prophecy if teachers label the student

68
Q

What do Functionalists believe about education and what do they ignore?

A

Believe education is positive but ignore the dysfunctions (negative functions) of education e.g bullying and failure

69
Q

Which three functions do Functionalists believe education achieves?

A
  • Secondary socialisation
  • Role Allocation
  • Meeting the needs of the workplace
70
Q

How does secondary socialisation from education create value consensus?

A

we are taught the same values and agree they’re correct

71
Q

What is role allocation?

A

Education makes sure people are matched to the correct jobs for their abilities

72
Q

What does Durkheim believe education benefits and creates?

A

Benefits individuals because it creates social solidarity

73
Q

Criticism of Durkheim’s point about creating social solidarity from Marxists and Feminists?

A
  • Marxists = teaches ruling class values
  • Feminists = teaches patriarchal values
74
Q

What is social solidarity?

A

Society holds together and how it ties the individual to society

75
Q

Criticism of Functionalists believing it creates social solidarity from Interactionalists

A

Ignore free choice and that education doesn’t always succeed in creating social solidarity because not all pupils feel part of the school community

76
Q

What is Universalistic standards and who is against it?

A
  • the same rules apply to everyone
  • Postmodernists
77
Q

What is Particularistic standards?

A

where rules only apply to that child e.g in the household

78
Q

What is meritocracy?

A

Education selects individuals for their roles in society based on their abilities rather than their background such as class

79
Q

What do Functionalists believe about higher paid jobs?

A

more money is given to those with top jobs to encourage everyone to compete for them

80
Q

Criticism for Functionalists point about higher paid jobs encouraging people to compete for them

A

If someone does well in education they don’t always get well-paid jobs or vice versa. Many millionaires don’t have many qualifications such as Alan Sugar

81
Q

Durkheim’s argument about the hidden curriculum

A

Education teaches respect and punctuality which is needed to perform a job effectively in a work environment

82
Q

Criticism of Durkheims point from New Right about education

A

Education system doesn’t produce workers to have the right skills and attitudes for the workplace

83
Q

New Rights point on marketisation of education

A

making education run like a business allows consumers which are the parents of the pupils to be given a choice where to send their child

84
Q

Criticism of New Rights point on marketisation of education

A

Competition only benefits the MC as they have cultural capital to know which are the best schools

85
Q

What are league tables?

A

what display the results of SATs and GCSEs for all schools around the country

86
Q

New Right’s point on how league tables are important

A

It publishes exam results which will show parents the best schools therefore there will be a competition trying to put their child into the best school on the league table

87
Q

What do OFSTED inspections do

A

grade schools on which are the best to worst

88
Q

What does New Right believe about the National Curriculum benefiting pupils?

A

Helps pupils create a British identity, an example of a subject is British History

89
Q

Criticism of how New Right believe the National Curriculum benefits pupils from Marxists

A

It teaches ruling class culture not national culture

90
Q

What do postmodernists believe the education system used to be?

A

Used to be Fordism as the education system was designed to produce low-skilled workers that are willing to put in repetitive long shifts for little pay, this system is called Fordism

91
Q

What do postmodernists believe has happened to the education system?

A

Has became post fordist as it has moved away from teaching low-skilled jobs to flexible specialisation which requires a skilled, advanced workforce

92
Q

What are the 3 functions Marxists believe the education system achieves?

A
  • Socialisation role
  • Maintaining the class system
  • Meeting the needs of the capitalist workplace
93
Q

Marxists’ view on socialisation role

A

Education brainwashes pupils into ruling class norms and values

94
Q

What is cultural reproduction that Marxists believe?

A

They ensure each class stays where they are

95
Q

Marxists theory about meritocracy

A

Meritocracy doesn’t exist and pupils are brainwashed to believing it’s their fault for being WC when in fact it’s the fault of the capitalist system as it’s based on class, not ability

96
Q

Criticism of Marxists

A

Marxists ignore that school reproduces patriarchal ideology, not just capitalist ideology

Marxists’ views are deterministic which means people have no control over their behaviour

Marxists ignore that some pupils choose to create anti-school subcultures

97
Q

Neo Marxists theory about RC ideology

A

Education does not always produce pupils who will follow RC ideology

98
Q

What are social policies

A

government laws that have been put in place for education

99
Q

What is the 1870 Foster Act

A

The government set a free national system for both classes and genders

100
Q

1870 Foster act strength/limitation

A

Strength - It was made to create meritocracy
Limitation - It didn’t create equality as the ruling class had better opportunities

101
Q

What is 1944 Butler Act (one of the important ones)

A

Pupils had to sit an IQ 11+ exam which determined which school they would go to which were either:
Secondary school; was where children would go if they had failed
Grammar school; was where children would go if they had passed

102
Q

1944 Butler Act strengths/limitations (one of the important ones)

A

Strength - It was free education for all pupils regardless of their class and gender
Limitations - It reinforced class division between gender and class as it was harder for WC pupils to pass the exam as it was in elaborated code and girls had to get higher scores to pass. This act set up the tripartite system which means a system of secondary schools

103
Q

1965 Comprehensive System (one of the important ones)

A

System was set on ability meaning WC pupils were usually in lower-set streams

104
Q

1965 Comprehensive System Strengths/limitations (one of the important ones)

A

Strengths - Created less class and gender division as children of both classes would attend the same school and girls didn’t need to achieve better grades than boys to receive a good education
Limitations - WC pupils were in lower set streams whereas due to elaborated code therefore MC had better opportunities

105
Q

1988 The Education Reform Act (one of the important ones)

A

marketisation of education, schools were treated like a business. This created competition amongst schools as OFSTED inspections and league tables were introduced for consumers who were the parents were given the choice of where to send their child

106
Q

1988 The Education Reform Act Strengths/limitations (one of the important ones)

A

Strengths - New Right claims it encourages schools to try their hardest to succeed, it also introduced parentocracy, which means parents rule education and have more choice
Limitations - League tables created inequality as middle-class children were more likely sent to the higher-performing schools therefore they were able to achieve good grades whereas working-class children were sent to the underperforming schools

107
Q

What is Globalisation

A

the world is interconnected via technology and interdependent (rely on each other)

108
Q

Are schools becoming public organisations or private organsiations?

A

becoming privatised which means schools are moving from public organisations to private organisations

109
Q

Cola-isation of schools meaning

A

Private sector brands e.g Costa Coffee are entering the education system therefore the brands are earning more money and more advertisement

110
Q

Criticism of Cola-isation of schools

A

Education is becoming a way for the RC to make more money to benefit the capitalist system

Sociology (4 decks)

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