education Flashcards
what does role allocation mean?
splitting people up to guarantee certain occupations
what does the Tripartite system mean?
division of the secondary school sector into 3 types: grammar, technical and modern schools. Children were selected and allocated to one of the 3, based on their abilities - determined by 11+ exam
what is social inclusion?
policies that try to keep students in school, includes them
what is habitus?
refers to “dispositions” or learned, taken-for-granted ways of thinking, being + acting that are shaped by a particular social class. Includes tastes + preferences about lifestyles, consumption, outlook on life + expectations about what’s normal
educational policies - what are the different types of schooling/ what do they involve?
grammar= created in 1994 for tripartite system. Selective school, state school for people who passed 11+ exam
comprehensive = created by Croslend, introduced in 1960s + 70s to replace grammar schools
private schools = not constrained by government, independent, fee paying. Top private = public schools. Freedom on what to teach
what are the arguments for and against grammar schools?
for = Functionalists - good for role allocation, gives greater choice to parents, enables students to excel. Against = stigmatises those who don't go, means other schools don't have a range of abilities, causes social divisions of abilities - middle class can go, class reproduction
what are arguments for and against comprehensive schools?
for = doesn't select on ability, all abilities - view of what others are like, provide equality of educational opportunity, less social division against = Ball (New Right) - still social divisions - based on catchment, holds most able back, difficult to teach mixed ability - streaming/setting
what are the arguments for and against private schools?
For = Assisted Places Scheme - state pays fees for able students. Provide choice for people Against = education should be equal, middle class parents utilised this scheme - state are funding private schools. Creates class scheme divisions
marketisation of education - conservative government 1979-1997
what is the marketisation of education?
introducing supply + demand - making schools become businesses. Introduced by Margaret Thatcher from 1979
what sociologist discusses parentocracy and what is it?
Miriam David - give power to parents as consumer, consumer rights
what are academies and free schools?
schools that get funding directly from central government, becomes USP, can be more independent
what is open enrolment?
open to outside catchments, schools have to accept any student from anywhere up until their max
what is formula funding?
funding based on student numbers. Attract more students to gain more funding
what are league tables and Ofsted?
league tables = used to market the school - compete, now become redundant
Ofsted = schools compete to be rated outstanding
what are the consequences of marketisation?
A-C Economy - Gillborn and Youdell - schools focus resources on students predicted grades c + above (prioritise certain students) due to league tables - builds in inequality
Cream skimming = students who will do well in league tables - could be on entry to school/dropping certain subjects. Silt shifting = get rid of students who will do less well/cost school money
educational triage = focusing resources on students where input will have significant difference, Some students will do well/or fail - no effort put into them. Students predicted 4s/5s - put resources to them
Myth of parentocracy - Sharon Gerwitz = 3 types of parents:
1. privileged skilled choosers - parentocracy exists, pressurise children + teachers
2. semi skilled teachers
3. disconnected local choosers - 2+3 have no parentocracy + no power to make right choices for child
Labour government policies - marketisation and social inclusion.
Who introduced these policies?
Tony Blair - 1997. Continued with marketisation + included policies of social inclusion
what are Education Action Zones?
money going to schools in poorer communities
what are City Academies?
underachieving schools in cities that were given money + private sponsorship. E.g. Dickson’s city academy
what are specialist status schools?
became maths + computing to widen parental choice. Extra funding for being specialists - Northgate - language school
what is Sure Start?
taken away in 2010 by coalition gov. Pre-school activities funded by government. Ensure children don’t fall behind when going to primary school
what are EMA/bursaries?
money given directly to students if they’re eligible
what is Aim Higher?
schools encourage children to go to university, particularly students who’s families didn’t go (working class)
Coalition/conservative government policies
What are free schools/academies and what did this government abolish/increase?
free schools/academies = funded directly by state - set up + run by parents, teachers, faith organisations or businesses rather than local authority. Take control away from state + give power to parents
Abolition of EMA + Increased Tuition Fees
what is fragmented centralism and which sociologist discusses it?
Ball = whole of education system has been broken up - used to be controlled by LEAs (local education agencies/authorities), central government is taking greater control
what is the privatisation of education/what is it known as?
Colaisation - private sector penetrates education indirectly e.g. through vending machines + displays of sponsorships on school premises
what are the 2 education acts associated with coalition government?
1994 Education Act = created tripartite system
1988 Education Act = introduced market forces/marketisation
vocational education - what is new vocationalism?
movement in 1970s. Encouraged schools to teach work related learning - vocational education
what are the types of vocational education and training?
work experience, vocational subjects (resistant materials), BTECS (H+SC, Travel + Tourism), S Levels, GNVQS, applied subjects (T+T), enterprise days, career fairs
if schools focus on STEM subjects = more funding
what do New Right believe about educational policies?
Chubb + Moe = greater freedom for individuals, voucher system in America. Everyone gets voucher every year to use in an educational establishment of their choice - state funds private education
what do neo-liberalists (similar to New Right) believe about educational policies?
reduced role of state, smaller governments, enhancing free market, encouraging consumer choice/inequality
what do Marxists believe about educational policies?
greater equality of outcome/education, looking at educational policies that increase equality/social inclusion - comprehensive schools
what do Postmodernists say about educational policies?
allowing people greater choice in education - globalisation of education e.g. life-long learning
what are compensatory educational policies and some examples?
policies that help students with cultural + material deprivation, e.g. Free School Meals, Pupil Premium = money that schools receive for each pupil from a disadvantaged background
what are some evaluation points on compensatory educational policies?
students still underachieve due to capitalist society statistical trends on class differences in educational achievement show working class students on FSM do less well than students who aren't on FSM every year.
outside school explanations - what is material deprivation?
a lack of income which effects size of home, travel - leading to a lack of resources e.g. laptop, equipment
what did Marilyn Howard say about material dep?
diet + nutrition. Healthier diet - achieve better grades. Cheaper food - less minerals, energy and vitamins. Weakens immune system, more absences from school. Working class underachieve
what did Richard Wilkinson say about material dep?
leads to emotional/behavioural problems. Poor households - more likely to suffer from ADHD, have psychological issues from home background
what did Emily Tanner say about material dep?
lack of resources, computer, internet connection, books. Resources help students achieve
what did Tess Ridge say about material dep?
stigma of free school meals, stigma of being poor. If from poorer background, more likely to take on extra paid work - effect education
what did David Bull say about material dep?
cost of free schooling - they do cost money. Pay for books, deposits, trips, uniform
university + fear of debt - poorer students drop out at higher rate, go to local unis - not most inclusive
what is cultural deprivation?
values of working class are lacking, attitudes, motivation, understanding
what did Douglas say about cultural deprivation?
1960s, how working class parents don’t value education, don’t read to children/buy them educational toys
what did Bereiter and Englemann say about cultural dep?
language - lower class is lacking/deficient - using slang, not corrected on grammar
what did Bernstein say about cultural dep?
Elaborate - middle class, wider vocabulary, longer/grammatical complex sentences, communicates abstract ideas
restricted - working class, limited vocab, short/grammatically simple sentences, context-bound
language codes. Codes socialised into us, recognise different languages
what did Hyman say about cultural dep?
working class have a distinct subculture with different values to rest of society - values lead to underachievement
what did Sugarman say about cultural dep?
Fatalism - accept failure, don’t change it, whatever will be will be
Collectivism - failing as a group rather than succeeding as individual - wc boys
Immediate gratification - getting rewards straight away (middle class - deferred)
present-time orientation - living for the moment, no long term plans
what evaluation can be used for the cultural deprivation argument?
Nell Keddie = working class children are culturally different, not deprived. Cultural deprivation is a myth + victim-blaming explanation Barry Troyna + Jenny Williams = teachers have a "speech hierarchy" - label middle class speech highest, followed by working class speech + then black speech. Schools need to adapt to working class students as opposed to the student adapting to the school.
what is cultural capital?
values, norms, knowledge of the middle class that is rewarded in society
what did Bourdieu say about cultural capital?
middle class do better in school because their culture is rewarded in school
what did Gerwitz say about cultural capital?
cultural capital + marketisation = leads to privileged skilled choosers - have cultural capital, understand how education system works.
Those lacking cultural capital become disconnected local choosers - working class
what is the general evaluation of outside school explanations?
fail to look at what goes on inside the school. Outside school explanations tend to take a Positivist approach - statistics, money. Fail to look at small-scale interactions
Inside school explanations - linked to Interpretivists.
What is the hidden curriculum?
indirect learning that takes place, not on syllabus. Exists all the time - uniform, rules you abide by, food you eat
what sociologists talked about teacher labelling?
Becker = ideal students - research in Chicago school. Middle class students Cicourel + Kitsuse = certain knowledge is given to middle students + deprived from working class students Rist = Tigers (middle class), cardinals + clowns - labelling in primary school. Student experience shaped by primary school grouping in classrooms Keddie = some subjects are labelled differently - resistant materials (working class), middle class subjects - Latin
what did Rosenthal + Jacobson say about self-fulfilling prophecy?
primary school - some students had higher IQ, but they didn’t actually. Teachers were told certain children had a higher IQ so taught them better. Teacher behaviour labelled them as bright, achieved better grades
what are pupil subcultures + streaming?
subcultures = students form own culture - pro/anti school. Streaming = people you compete/mix with
what did Lacey say about self-fulfilling prophecy?
consequences of streaming/setting:
Differentiation = putting them into different ability groups
Led to polarisation - creating extreme behaviours
what did Woods say about self-fulfilling prophecy?
Criticised Lacey. Looked at types of subcultures rather than being created by labelling/streaming. Emerged from own working class backgrounds
what did Bourdieu say about pupil class identities + the school?
Habitus = of working class life is different to habitus of school life - cultural clash
what did Archer say about pupil class identities + the school?
symbolic capital/violence = reward you get for your culture. Middle class get rewarded for culture. Working class - reject culture in order to be rewarded or exaggerated working class culture (Nike identities) to gain symbolic capital from friends
what did Ingram say about pupil identities + the school?
grammar schools - working class students found it difficult to fit into middle class ones. Not accepted in school + community
what do Interactionists and Marxists look at ?
Interactionists = inside school factors, labelling Marxists = home background, underachievement, Willis, Bourdieu
what did Bowles + Gintis look at?
they are structural Marxists. Looked at correspondence principle - schools mirrors workplace - uniform, hierarchy. Prepares individuals for capitalist society.
Myth of meritocracy - schools convince you we live in a meritocratic society
what did Althusser look at?
Structural Marxist. Looked at ISA (Ideological State Apparatus) - stop thinking about protesting, spreads ideas of capitalism. RSA (Repressive State Apparatus) - forces e.g. police
what did Bernstein look at?
elaborate + restricted speech codes = cultural deprivation theorist
what did Mac an Ghaill look at?
Real Englishmen (do alright due to innate ability) + Macho Lads (fail).
Male Gaze - reinforces gender divisions, sexualises female students.
Ethnicity - why some 6th formers of ethnic minorities didn’t underachieve
what did Talcott Parsons look at?
Functionalist. Looked at issues of meritocracy - (there is one). Schools are a bridge between family + work, learn universalistic rules
what did Nell Keddie look at?
Criticised cultural deprivation theory. Working class didn’t lack culture, just culturally different
what did Davis + Moore look at?
Functionalists. Looked at how schools role allocate students (sort them into the best job)
what did Paul Willis look at?
Neo/humanist Marxist. Working class boys fail themselves so that we can reproduce the class system - the Lads
what did Louise Archer look at?
pupil identities + symbolic capital = different groups of students create identities to gain symbolic capital e.g. Nike identities, hyper-heterosexual feminine identities.
Ethnicity - imposed more by teachers. Ideal pupil identity (white, middle class, naturally talented), demonised (black/white working class, underachieve), pathologised (Asian who worked hard to achieve, not natural ability, asexual identity
what did Sue Sharpe look at?
Feminist. Girls changing attitudes towards education. 1970s - working class girls focused on relationships, leaving school early. 1990s - pro school, different types of career options
what did Barry Sugarman look at?
cultural deprivation theorist. Looked at 4 concepts, fatalism, collectivism, present-time orientation, immediate gratification
what did Pierre Bourdieu look at?
Humanist Marxist. Habitus - way of life of social class, culture. Distinctive working class culture, cultural capital
What did Howard Becker look at?
Interactionist. Labelling + ideal pupil
