Educated English Vocabulary_02 CSV_UTF8 Flashcards
Definition: To surrender or give in, often after negotiating terms; also refers to ceasing to resist an opponent.
Word: capitulate
Example 1: The army was forced to capitulate after being surrounded by the enemy.
Example 2: Under pressure, he capitulated and agreed to the terms of the deal.
Definition: Given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior; also refers to being unpredictable or whimsical.
Word: capricious
Example 1: The weather in this region is capricious, changing from sunny to stormy in minutes.
Example 2: His capricious decisions made him difficult to work with.
Definition: A brief explanation or description accompanying an illustration or photograph; also refers to a title or heading.
Word: caption
Example 1: The caption under the photo explained the significance of the event.
Example 2: The cartoon’s witty caption added humor to the image.
Definition: Tending to find fault or raise petty objections; also refers to being overly critical.
Word: captious
Example 1: Her captious comments made it hard to enjoy the conversation.
Example 2: The captious reviewer focused on minor flaws rather than the overall quality of the book.
Definition: To attract and hold the attention or interest of someone; also refers to enchanting or fascinating.
Word: captivate
Example 1: The magician’s performance captivated the audience from start to finish.
Example 2: The scenic beauty of the mountains captivated her heart.
Definition: A glass container used for serving drinks, particularly wine or water; also refers to a coffee pot.
Word: carafe
Example 1: The waiter brought a carafe of water to the table.
Example 2: She poured the coffee from a silver carafe into the guests’ cups.
Definition: A short-barreled rifle used by cavalry, paratroopers, or in other situations where space is limited.
Word: carbine
Example 1: The soldier carried a lightweight carbine during the mission.
Example 2: The carbine’s compact size made it ideal for close-quarters combat.
Definition: Having the potential to cause cancer; also refers to substances or agents that are cancer-causing.
Word: carcinogenic
Example 1: The chemical was identified as carcinogenic and banned from use in products.
Example 2: Long-term exposure to carcinogenic materials can increase the risk of developing cancer.
Definition: A type of cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
Word: carcinoma
Example 1: The doctor diagnosed the patient with carcinoma of the lung.
Example 2: Carcinoma is one of the most common forms of cancer, often requiring aggressive treatment.
Definition: Most important or essential; also refers to high-ranking officials in the Catholic Church or to the red songbird.
Word: cardinal
Example 1: The cardinal rule in the company is to always put the customer first.
Example 2: The cardinal’s robes were a deep shade of red.
Definition: A doctor who specializes in the study and treatment of heart diseases and conditions.
Word: cardiologist
Example 1: The cardiologist recommended lifestyle changes to improve heart health.
Example 2: He made an appointment with a cardiologist after experiencing chest pains.
Definition: To swerve or lurch while moving; also refers to tilting or leaning dangerously.
Word: careen
Example 1: The car careened off the road during the storm.
Example 2: The ship careened as it was hit by strong waves.
Definition: The decaying flesh of dead animals; also refers to something unwholesome or rotten.
Word: carrion
Example 1: Vultures feed on carrion, helping to clean up the environment.
Example 2: The smell of carrion attracted scavengers to the site.
Definition: A person who makes maps; also refers to someone skilled in the science or practice of mapmaking.
Word: cartographer
Example 1: The cartographer carefully charted the new territory for the explorers.
Example 2: Modern cartographers use advanced technology to create accurate maps.
Definition: A small waterfall or series of waterfalls; also refers to a process where something flows or falls in abundance.
Word: cascade
Example 1: The hikers were delighted by the beautiful cascade they found in the forest.
Example 2: Her long hair cascaded down her back like a waterfall.
Definition: A fine, soft wool from the undercoat of the Kashmir goat; also refers to fabric made from this wool.
Word: cashmere
Example 1: The luxurious cashmere sweater was soft to the touch.
Example 2: She wrapped herself in a warm cashmere scarf during the cold winter.
Definition: A person who predicts misfortune or disaster but whose warnings are ignored; based on the Greek myth of a prophetess cursed to never be believed.
Word: Cassandra
Example 1: He was a modern-day Cassandra, warning about climate change years before it became a global concern.
Example 2: Despite being a Cassandra, she continued to voice her concerns about the impending crisis.
Definition: To criticize or punish severely; also refers to reprimanding or scolding harshly.
Word: castigate
Example 1: The teacher castigated the student for cheating on the exam.
Example 2: He was castigated by his peers for his reckless behavior.
Definition: To remove the testicles of a male animal or man; also refers to depriving of strength, power, or vigor.
Word: castrate
Example 1: The farmer had the young bulls castrated to control breeding.
Example 2: The harsh regulations were seen as an attempt to castrate the industry’s growth.
Definition: The use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions; also refers to specious or deceptive argumentation.
Word: casuistry
Example 1: His argument was dismissed as mere casuistry, lacking in true substance.
Example 2: The lawyer’s casuistry attempted to twist the facts in favor of his client.
Definition: A large-scale and violent event in the natural world; also refers to a sudden and disastrous upheaval.
Word: cataclysm
Example 1: The volcanic eruption was a cataclysm that destroyed the surrounding villages.
Example 2: The political revolution was a cataclysm that changed the country forever.
Definition: Involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering; also refers to being disastrous or extremely harmful.
Word: catastrophic
Example 1: The earthquake had catastrophic effects on the region’s infrastructure.
Example 2: The failure of the dam led to catastrophic flooding in the valley.
Definition: Unambiguously explicit and direct; also refers to something absolute or without exceptions.
Word: categorical
Example 1: The judge issued a categorical denial of the allegations.
Example 2: He gave a categorical assurance that the project would be completed on time.
Definition: Providing psychological relief through the open expression of strong emotions; also refers to something that has a cleansing or purifying effect.
Word: cathartic
Example 1: Writing in her journal was a cathartic experience, helping her release pent-up emotions.
Example 2: The movie’s ending was cathartic, leaving the audience with a sense of closure.
Definition: Universal or wide-ranging in interests or tastes; also refers to being all-embracing.
Word: catholic
Example 1: His catholic taste in music meant he enjoyed everything from classical to jazz.
Example 2: The book is of catholic appeal, offering something for every reader.
Definition: A meeting of members of a particular political party or faction; also refers to a group with a common interest or purpose.
Word: caucus
Example 1: The party held a caucus to decide on their candidate for the upcoming election.
Example 2: The environmental caucus advocated for stricter regulations to protect natural resources.
Definition: A person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition; also refers to a principle or movement that one is dedicated to.
Word: cause
Example 1: Smoking is a leading cause of lung cancer.
Example 2: She devoted her life to the cause of social justice.
Definition: Able to burn or corrode organic tissue by chemical action; also refers to being sarcastic in a scathing and bitter way.
Word: caustic
Example 1: The chemical spill was highly caustic and required careful cleanup.
Example 2: His caustic remarks left no doubt about his opinion of the proposal.
Definition: To burn the skin or flesh of a wound with a heated instrument or caustic substance, typically to stop bleeding or prevent infection; also refers to deadening or desensitizing.
Word: cauterize
Example 1: The doctor had to cauterize the wound to stop the bleeding.
Example 2: The traumatic experience seemed to cauterize his emotions, leaving him numb.
Definition: Showing a lack of proper concern; also refers to being dismissive or carefree.
Word: cavalier
Example 1: His cavalier attitude towards the safety regulations worried his colleagues.
Example 2: She gave a cavalier wave as she walked away, unconcerned about the consequences.
Definition: A warning or proviso of specific stipulations, conditions, or limitations; also refers to a legal notice to suspend a certain action.
Word: caveat
Example 1: The agreement was signed with a caveat that it could be revised if necessary.
Example 2: He accepted the job offer with a caveat regarding the potential for travel.
Definition: To make petty or unnecessary objections; also refers to quibbling or fault-finding.
Word: cavil
Example 1: She caviled at every suggestion, making it difficult to reach a decision.
Example 2: His tendency to cavil over trivial details annoyed his coworkers.
Definition: To jump or dance around excitedly; also refers to engaging in lively or playful activity.
Word: cavort
Example 1: The children cavorted in the playground, laughing and playing.
Example 2: The young couple cavorted on the beach, enjoying their vacation.
Definition: To give up (power or territory); also refers to surrendering or relinquishing something.
Word: cede
Example 1: The country ceded control of the disputed territory to its neighbor.
Example 2: After much negotiation, he ceded his position as leader of the group.
Definition: Positioned in or relating to the sky or outer space; also refers to something heavenly or divine.
Word: celestial
Example 1: The telescope provided a clear view of the celestial bodies in the night sky.
Example 2: The choir’s voices had a celestial quality that moved the audience.
Definition: Abstaining from marriage and sexual relations, typically for religious reasons; also refers to someone who is unmarried and sexually abstinent.
Word: celibate
Example 1: The monk took a vow to remain celibate for life.
Example 2: He chose a celibate lifestyle, focusing on his spiritual practice.
Definition: A monument erected in honor of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere; also refers to an empty tomb or a memorial.
Word: cenotaph
Example 1: The cenotaph in the town square commemorates the soldiers who died in the war.
Example 2: The cenotaph was adorned with flowers on the anniversary of the battle.
Definition: Severely critical of others; also refers to being judgmental or condemning.
Word: censorious
Example 1: The censorious critic harshly reviewed the play, focusing on its flaws.
Example 2: Her censorious attitude made it difficult for her to see the good in people.
Definition: To express severe disapproval of someone or something, especially in a formal statement; also refers to official reprimand.
Word: censure
Example 1: The senator faced censure from his colleagues for his controversial remarks.
Example 2: The board censured the manager for failing to meet company standards.
Definition: Objects made from clay or other nonmetallic minerals, hardened by heat; also refers to the art or process of making such objects.
Word: ceramics
Example 1: The museum displayed an impressive collection of ancient ceramics.
Example 2: She studied ceramics in art school, specializing in pottery and sculpture.
Definition: Relating to the brain or intellect; also refers to something intellectual or thoughtful rather than emotional.
Word: cerebral
Example 1: The novel was praised for its cerebral approach to complex themes.
Example 2: He enjoyed cerebral activities like puzzles and chess, which challenged his mind.
Definition: The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end; also refers to a halt or discontinuation.
Word: cessation
Example 1: The cessation of hostilities allowed for peace talks to begin.
Example 2: There was a sudden cessation of noise as the crowd waited for the announcement.
Definition: To rub against something, causing irritation or wear; also refers to becoming annoyed or impatient.
Word: chafe
Example 1: The tight shoes chafed his feet, leaving blisters.
Example 2: She began to chafe at the restrictions placed on her freedom.
Definition: Distress or embarrassment at having failed or been humiliated; also refers to feeling mortified or vexed.
Word: chagrin
Example 1: Much to his chagrin, he realized he had forgotten the meeting.
Example 2: She felt a sense of chagrin when her proposal was rejected.
Definition: A large cup or goblet, typically used for drinking wine, especially in a Christian Eucharistic ceremony; also refers to a drinking vessel or cup.
Word: chalice
Example 1: The priest raised the chalice during the communion service.
Example 2: The antique chalice was beautifully crafted and adorned with jewels.
Definition: A person who has defeated all rivals in a competition or a supporter of a cause; also refers to advocating for something.
Word: champion
Example 1: She was crowned champion after winning the tennis tournament.
Example 2: He was a champion of civil rights, fighting for equality and justice.
Definition: A person who accompanies and looks after another person or group, typically a younger or less experienced person; also refers to someone who supervises young people, especially at social events.
Word: chaperon
Example 1: The teacher acted as a chaperon for the students during their field trip.
Example 2: Her mother insisted on being her chaperon at the school dance.
Definition: A game in which players guess a word or phrase from a pantomimed clue; also refers to something that is done to pretend or disguise a true intention.
Word: charade
Example 1: They played charades at the party, acting out movie titles for others to guess.
Example 2: The negotiations were a mere charade, with no real intention to reach an agreement.
Definition: A person falsely claiming to have special knowledge or skill; a fraud or imposter.
Word: charlatan
Example 1: The so-called expert was exposed as a charlatan who had no real qualifications.
Example 2: Many were duped by the charlatan’s promises of miracle cures.
Definition: A pale green or yellow-green color; also refers to a French liqueur made by Carthusian monks.
Word: chartreuse
Example 1: She wore a bright chartreuse dress that stood out in the crowd.
Example 2: The walls were painted a soft chartreuse, giving the room a fresh look.
Definition: Cautious or wary; also refers to being reluctant or hesitant.
Word: chary
Example 1: He was chary of investing in a market that seemed unstable.
Example 2: The manager was chary of making any promises to the employees.
Definition: Abstaining from extramarital or all sexual intercourse; also refers to being pure, modest, or simple in design.
Word: chaste
Example 1: The nun took a vow to live a chaste life.
Example 2: The chaste design of the chapel reflected its spiritual purpose.
Definition: To discipline or punish, often to improve or correct behavior; also refers to subduing or restraining.
Word: chasten
Example 1: The harsh experience served to chasten his overconfidence.
Example 2: The teacher chastened the students for their disruptive behavior.
Definition: A large French country house or castle; also refers to a stately residence resembling a French chateau.
Word: chateau
Example 1: They spent their vacation in a charming chateau in the French countryside.
Example 2: The wine was produced at a renowned chateau in Bordeaux.
Definition: Impertinently bold or brash; also refers to being saucy or playfully rude.
Word: cheeky
Example 1: The child’s cheeky remark made everyone laugh despite its rudeness.
Example 2: She gave a cheeky grin after teasing her brother.
Definition: A winged angelic being often depicted as a chubby, rosy-cheeked child; also refers to an innocent-looking child.
Word: cherub
Example 1: The painting featured a cherub with a sweet, angelic expression.
Example 2: The baby’s cherubic face made everyone smile.
Definition: Having the innocence or plump prettiness of a cherub; also refers to being angelic or sweet-looking.
Word: cherubic
Example 1: His cherubic smile melted the hearts of everyone around him.
Example 2: The child’s cherubic cheeks were pinched by every relative.
Definition: The use of trickery to achieve a political, financial, or legal purpose; also refers to deception or subterfuge.
Word: chicanery
Example 1: The politician was accused of chicanery in securing votes for the election.
Example 2: The company’s financial chicanery led to its eventual downfall.
Definition: To scold or rebuke; also refers to expressing disapproval or criticism.
Word: chide
Example 1: The mother chided her son for not doing his homework.
Example 2: He chided himself for making such a careless mistake.
Definition: Existing only as the product of unchecked imagination; also refers to something fantastical or wildly fanciful.
Word: chimerical
Example 1: The scientist dismissed the theory as chimerical and lacking evidence.
Example 2: The novel is filled with chimerical creatures and magical lands.
Definition: Easily angered or bad-tempered; also refers to being irritable or prone to outbursts.
Word: choleric
Example 1: The choleric old man was known for his short temper.
Example 2: His choleric response to the criticism took everyone by surprise.
Definition: To laugh in a breathy, gleeful way; also refers to a chuckle or joyful laugh.
Word: chortle
Example 1: She couldn’t help but chortle at the comedian’s witty joke.
Example 2: The children chortled with delight as they played in the park.
Definition: Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring; also refers to something habitual or long-lasting.
Word: chronic
Example 1: He suffers from chronic back pain that limits his activities.
Example 2: Her chronic lateness was starting to irritate her coworkers.
Definition: A factual written account of important or historical events in the order of their occurrence; also refers to recording or documenting events.
Word: chronicle
Example 1: The book is a chronicle of the city’s history from its founding to the present.
Example 2: The journalist chronicled the events of the war in her reports.
Definition: The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence; also refers to the study or sequence of time and events.
Word: chronology
Example 1: The chronology of the events leading up to the crisis was carefully analyzed.
Example 2: The historian compiled a detailed chronology of the ancient civilization.
Definition: A rude, boorish, or surly person; also refers to someone lacking in manners or refinement.
Word: churl
Example 1: He was considered a churl for his unfriendly and gruff behavior.
Example 2: The churl refused to help his neighbor, even though he was asked politely.
Definition: Shameless audacity; impudence; also refers to boldness or nerve.
Word: chutzpah
Example 1: It took a lot of chutzpah to stand up to the boss and demand a raise.
Example 2: Her chutzpah impressed everyone, even those who disagreed with her.
Definition: Relating to the mythical Cimmerians, or something deeply dark or gloomy; also refers to darkness or obscurity.
Word: Cimmerian
Example 1: The cave was filled with a Cimmerian darkness that seemed impenetrable.
Example 2: The novel described the Cimmerian landscape of the underworld.
Definition: A secret or disguised way of writing; a code; also refers to a person or thing of no importance.
Word: cipher
Example 1: The message was written in a cipher that only a few people could decode.
Example 2: In the grand scheme of things, he was just a cipher, easily forgotten.
Definition: Approximately; often used before a date to indicate that it is not exact.
Word: circa
Example 1: The ruins date back to circa 500 BC, according to archaeologists.
Example 2: The painting was created circa 1880, during the artist’s most productive period.
Definition: Longer than the most direct way; also refers to being indirect or roundabout.
Word: circuitous
Example 1: They took a circuitous route to avoid the traffic jam.
Example 2: His explanation was so circuitous that it confused everyone.
Definition: To cut off the foreskin of a male as a religious rite, or as a medical procedure; also refers to a metaphorical cutting or trimming.
Word: circumcise
Example 1: The infant was circumcised in a traditional ceremony.
Example 2: The practice of circumcising male children is common in many cultures.
Definition: The use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive; also refers to talking around a point.
Word: circumlocution
Example 1: His speech was full of circumlocution, avoiding the main issue.
Example 2: She was frustrated by his circumlocution and demanded a direct answer.
Definition: Wary and unwilling to take risks; also refers to being cautious or prudent.
Word: circumspect
Example 1: He was circumspect in his business dealings, always careful to avoid any legal trouble.
Example 2: The diplomat was known for his circumspect approach to sensitive negotiations.
Definition: To find a way around an obstacle or to overcome a problem, typically in a clever and surreptitious way; also refers to avoiding something.
Word: circumvent
Example 1: They tried to circumvent the security system by hacking into it.
Example 2: The lawyer found a loophole to circumvent the regulation.
Definition: A fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city; also refers to a stronghold or refuge.
Word: citadel
Example 1: The ancient citadel stood guard over the city for centuries.
Example 2: The university is considered a citadel of learning and culture.
Definition: A reference to a source of information, often in a scholarly work; also refers to an official commendation or a legal summons.
Word: citation
Example 1: The research paper included citations from various scientific studies.
Example 2: The officer issued a citation for speeding.
Definition: A loud and confused noise, especially that of people shouting vehemently; also refers to a strong demand or protest.
Word: clamor
Example 1: The clamor of the crowd grew louder as the band took the stage.
Example 2: There was a clamor for the resignation of the corrupt official.
Definition: Kept secret or done secretively, especially because it is illicit; also refers to being covert or hidden.
Word: clandestine
Example 1: The group held clandestine meetings to plan the rebellion.
Example 2: The lovers had a clandestine affair, meeting in secret to avoid discovery.
Definition: The fear of confined spaces; also refers to a feeling of being trapped or restricted.
Word: claustrophobia
Example 1: Her claustrophobia made it difficult for her to ride in elevators.
Example 2: The small, windowless room triggered his claustrophobia.
Definition: To split or sever something, especially along a natural line or grain; also refers to adhering strongly to a belief or person.
Word: cleave
Example 1: The butcher cleaved the meat with a sharp knife.
Example 2: They cleaved to their traditions, despite the changing times.
Definition: A fissure or split, especially one in rock or earth; also refers to something divided.
Word: cleft
Example 1: The hikers carefully crossed the narrow cleft in the mountainside.
Example 2: The debate created a cleft between members of the community.
Definition: Mercy or lenience, especially in the context of punishment; also refers to mild weather.
Word: clemency
Example 1: The governor granted clemency to the prisoner, reducing his sentence.
Example 2: The clemency of the weather was a relief after the harsh winter.
Definition: A small, exclusive group of people who share similar interests or who are friendly with each other but exclude others; also refers to a faction.
Word: clique
Example 1: The high school was known for its cliques, each with its own set of rules.
Example 2: The office clique made it difficult for newcomers to fit in.
Definition: A covered walk in a convent, monastery, or cathedral, typically with a wall on one side and a colonnade open to a quadrangle on the other; also refers to being secluded or confined.
Word: cloister
Example 1: The monks walked silently through the cloister, deep in thought.
Example 2: She cloistered herself in her room, focusing on her studies.
Definition: An organism or cell produced asexually from one ancestor to which they are genetically identical; also refers to copying something exactly.
Word: clone
Example 1: The scientists successfully cloned a sheep, making headlines worldwide.
Example 2: He cloned his hard drive to ensure he had a backup of all his data.
Definition: Influence or power, especially in politics or business; also refers to a heavy blow with the hand or a hard object.
Word: clout
Example 1: The businessman’s clout in the industry allowed him to make significant changes.
Example 2: He gave the punching bag a powerful clout, causing it to swing wildly.
Definition: Split or divided in two, especially along a natural line or in the context of hooves that are split into two parts; also refers to something split.
Word: cloven
Example 1: The goat had cloven hooves, which is typical of its species.
Example 2: The tree was struck by lightning and cloven down the middle.
Definition: To disgust or sicken someone with an excess of sweetness, richness, or sentiment; also refers to being overindulgent.
Word: cloy
Example 1: The overly sweet dessert began to cloy after just a few bites.
Example 2: His constant praise began to cloy, losing its sincerity.
Definition: Having had too much of something sweet or rich, leading to a feeling of disgust; also refers to being satiated or overfilled.
Word: cloyed
Example 1: She felt cloyed after eating too many chocolates.
Example 2: The cloyed atmosphere of the party made him want to leave early.
Definition: To appoint to membership of a committee or other body by invitation of the existing members; also refers to taking or assuming something for one’s own use.
Word: co-opt
Example 1: The board decided to co-opt a new member with financial expertise.
Example 2: The movement was co-opted by the mainstream media, losing its original purpose.
Definition: To change from a fluid into a thickened mass; also refers to clotting or solidifying.
Word: coagulate
Example 1: The blood began to coagulate, forming a clot to stop the bleeding.
Example 2: The cream started to coagulate after being left out too long.
Definition: To come together to form one mass or whole; also refers to uniting or merging.
Word: coalesce
Example 1: The two companies decided to coalesce into a single entity.
Example 2: The different ideas began to coalesce into a coherent plan.
Definition: The concluding passage of a piece or movement, typically forming an addition to the basic structure; also refers to the final part of something.
Word: coda
Example 1: The symphony ended with a powerful coda that left the audience in awe.
Example 2: The book’s epilogue served as a coda to the story.
Definition: To treat in an indulgent or overprotective way; also refers to cooking an egg just below boiling.
Word: coddle
Example 1: She tended to coddle her children, never letting them face challenges.
Example 2: The chef coddled the eggs to create a delicate, soft texture.
Definition: An addition or supplement that explains, modifies, or revokes a will or part of one; also refers to an amendment or appendix.
Word: codicil
Example 1: He added a codicil to his will, leaving some money to his favorite charity.
Example 2: The codicil clarified the terms of the original agreement.
Definition: The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats; also refers to compelling or pressuring.
Word: coercion
Example 1: The confession was obtained through coercion, making it inadmissible in court.
Example 2: The regime ruled by coercion, suppressing any form of dissent.
Definition: A strongbox or small chest for holding valuables; also refers to a treasury or funds.
Word: coffer
Example 1: The ancient coffer was filled with gold coins and precious jewels.
Example 2: The city’s coffers were depleted after the costly renovation project.
Definition: Clear, logical, and convincing; also refers to being compelling or persuasive.
Word: cogent
Example 1: The lawyer’s cogent argument swayed the jury in favor of the defendant.
Example 2: She presented a cogent case for increasing the budget.
Definition: To think deeply about something; to ponder or meditate.
Word: cogitate
Example 1: He sat quietly to cogitate on the meaning of the poem.
Example 2: The team spent hours cogitating over the strategy for the project.
Definition: Related by blood; having the same linguistic derivation; also refers to something similar in nature.
Word: cognate
Example 1: The Spanish word “comer” and the French word “manger” are cognates, both meaning “to eat.”
Example 2: The languages share many cognate words due to their common origins.
Definition: Having knowledge or being aware of something.
Word: cognizant
Example 1: She was fully cognizant of the risks involved in the experiment.
Example 2: He remained cognizant of his surroundings even in the chaotic environment.
Definition: A surname or family name; also refers to a nickname or epithet.
Word: cognomen
Example 1: Caesar was a cognomen passed down through generations of Roman leaders.
Example 2: His cognomen, “The Great,” was earned through numerous military victories.
Definition: To live together in a sexual relationship without being married; also refers to living together as roommates or sharing the same space.
Word: cohabit
Example 1: They decided to cohabit before getting married to see if they were compatible.
Example 2: The two species cohabit peacefully in the same environment.
Definition: To stick together; to be united; to be logically consistent.
Word: cohere
Example 1: The glue caused the pages to cohere into a single, sturdy document.
Example 2: The ideas in his essay did not cohere, making it difficult to follow.
Definition: A group of people with a shared characteristic, usually moving or working together; also refers to a companion or associate.
Word: cohort
Example 1: The study followed a cohort of students over ten years to observe their career paths.
Example 2: The general and his cohort planned the next phase of the campaign.
Definition: A person’s hairstyle, typically elaborate or styled.
Word: coiffure
Example 1: Her elegant coiffure caught everyone’s attention at the gala.
Example 2: The stylist created a sophisticated coiffure for the bride.
Definition: To work jointly with others, especially in an intellectual endeavor; also refers to cooperating with an enemy.
Word: collaborate
Example 1: The two authors collaborated on a best-selling novel.
Example 2: During the war, some citizens were accused of collaborating with the enemy.
Definition: A band, strip, or chain worn around the neck; also refers to seizing or apprehending someone.
Word: collar
Example 1: He wore a leather collar around his neck as part of his costume.
Example 2: The police managed to collar the suspect before he could escape.
Definition: Something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default; also refers to something secondary or additional.
Word: collateral
Example 1: He used his car as collateral to secure the loan.
Example 2: The collateral damage from the explosion affected nearby buildings.
Definition: Used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary; also refers to expressions or language that are conversational in tone.
Word: colloquial
Example 1: His colloquial speech made the presentation relatable to the audience.
Example 2: The novel was praised for its colloquial dialogue, which captured the essence of the characters.
Definition: A conversation or dialogue, often formal or serious; also refers to a conference or discussion.
Word: colloquy
Example 1: The colloquy between the scholars was both enlightening and thought-provoking.
Example 2: The leaders engaged in a private colloquy to resolve the issue.
Definition: Secret or illegal cooperation or conspiracy, especially to cheat or deceive others.
Word: collusion
Example 1: The companies were accused of collusion to fix prices and stifle competition.
Example 2: The investigation revealed collusion between the officials and the criminals.
Definition: A row of columns supporting a roof, an entablature, or arches; also refers to a structure formed by such a row.
Word: colonnade
Example 1: The grand colonnade led visitors from the entrance to the main hall of the temple.
Example 2: The ancient ruins featured a beautiful colonnade still standing after centuries.
Definition: In a state of deep unconsciousness for a prolonged or indefinite period, especially as a result of severe injury or illness; also refers to being lethargic or inactive.
Word: comatose
Example 1: The patient was comatose for weeks after the accident.
Example 2: After the long flight, he felt comatose and barely able to stay awake.
Definition: To join or mix together to form a single unit or substance; also refers to an agricultural machine used for harvesting crops.
Word: combine
Example 1: The chef combined the ingredients to create a delicious dish.
Example 2: The farmer used a combine to harvest the wheat efficiently.
Definition: To officially take possession or control of something, especially for military purposes; also refers to seizing for public use.
Word: commandeer
Example 1: The soldiers commandeered civilian vehicles to transport supplies.
Example 2: The police officer commandeered the nearby car to pursue the suspect.
Definition: To honor the memory of someone or something, typically with a ceremony or monument.
Word: commemorate
Example 1: The statue was erected to commemorate the soldiers who died in the war.
Example 2: They held a service to commemorate the anniversary of the tragedy.
Definition: To praise formally or officially; also refers to entrusting someone or something to another’s care.
Word: commend
Example 1: The mayor commended the firefighters for their bravery.
Example 2: She commended her daughter to the care of the trusted nanny.
Definition: Corresponding in size, extent, amount, or degree; proportionate or equal.
Word: commensurate
Example 1: His salary was commensurate with his experience and the demands of the job.
Example 2: The punishment was commensurate with the seriousness of the crime.
Definition: To express or feel sympathy or pity; to sympathize with someone in distress.
Word: commiserate
Example 1: She commiserated with her friend after the loss of her beloved pet.
Example 2: They gathered to commiserate over their shared hardships.
Definition: A store for military personnel or workers, usually on a base or in a camp; also refers to a person to whom some responsibility or role is delegated.
Word: commissary
Example 1: The soldiers bought their supplies from the commissary on the base.
Example 2: The commissary was responsible for overseeing the distribution of food and supplies.
Definition: An instruction, command, or duty given to a person or group; also refers to a group of people officially charged with a particular function.
Word: commission
Example 1: The artist received a commission to create a sculpture for the town square.
Example 2: The commission was formed to investigate the causes of the economic crisis.
Definition: Roomy and comfortable, often referring to a space or area; also refers to being convenient or ample in capacity.
Word: commodious
Example 1: The commodious living room easily accommodated all the guests.
Example 2: The hotel suite was commodious, offering plenty of space for the family.
Definition: A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold; also refers to a useful or valuable thing.
Word: commodity
Example 1: Oil is a highly sought-after commodity on the global market.
Example 2: In a crowded city, personal space can become a precious commodity.
Definition: A naval officer of high rank, or a title given to the senior captain of a fleet; also refers to the leader of a yacht club or sailing organization.
Word: commodore
Example 1: The commodore led the fleet into battle with confidence.
Example 2: The yacht club elected a new commodore to oversee the upcoming regatta.
Definition: The sharing or exchanging of intimate thoughts and feelings, especially on a spiritual level; also refers to a Christian sacrament in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed.
Word: communion
Example 1: The two friends enjoyed a deep communion of ideas and beliefs.
Example 2: The congregation gathered to take communion during the service.
Definition: The action or process of commuting a judicial sentence; also refers to the reduction of a sentence or the substitution of a lesser punishment.
Word: commutation
Example 1: The governor granted a commutation of the prisoner’s sentence, reducing it from life to 20 years.
Example 2: The court considered a commutation in recognition of the defendant’s good behavior.
Definition: To travel some distance between one’s home and place of work on a regular basis; also refers to changing a punishment to one that is less severe.
Word: commute
Example 1: She commutes two hours each day to her job in the city.
Example 2: His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
Definition: Closely and neatly packed together; also refers to a formal agreement between two or more parties.
Word: compact
Example 1: The compact design of the apartment made it feel cozy and efficient.
Example 2: The two nations entered into a compact to strengthen trade relations.
Definition: Sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others; also refers to a desire to help those in distress.
Word: compassion
Example 1: She felt deep compassion for the victims of the disaster.
Example 2: The doctor’s compassion was evident in the care he provided to his patients.
Definition: Able to exist or work together without conflict; also refers to being consistent or harmonious.
Word: compatible
Example 1: The new software is compatible with both Mac and Windows operating systems.
Example 2: Their personalities were so compatible that they rarely disagreed.
Definition: A fellow citizen or national of a country; also refers to a colleague or someone from the same group.
Word: compatriot
Example 1: The expatriates formed a close-knit group of compatriots in the foreign city.
Example 2: She met a compatriot from her hometown while traveling abroad.
Definition: Evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way; also refers to being convincing or persuasive.
Word: compelling
Example 1: The documentary presented a compelling argument for climate action.
Example 2: His storytelling was so compelling that the audience was captivated.
Definition: A collection of concise but detailed information about a particular subject; also refers to a summary or an inventory.
Word: compendium
Example 1: The author published a compendium of rare plant species in the region.
Example 2: The encyclopedia served as a compendium of human knowledge.
Definition: To give someone something, typically money, in recognition of loss, suffering, or injury; also refers to making up for something lacking.
Word: compensate
Example 1: The company compensated the workers for their overtime hours.
Example 2: He tried to compensate for his lack of experience with enthusiasm and hard work.
Definition: Intended to make up for something; providing or constituting a recompense.
Word: compensatory
Example 1: The court awarded a compensatory payment to cover the damages.
Example 2: She received compensatory time off for the extra hours she worked.
Definition: The ability to do something successfully or efficiently; also refers to the legal authority to deal with a particular matter.
Word: competence
Example 1: The new employee demonstrated competence in handling complex tasks.
Example 2: The court’s competence to hear the case was questioned by the defense.
Definition: To produce something, especially a list, report, or book, by assembling information collected from other sources; also refers to collecting data.
Word: compile
Example 1: The researcher compiled a comprehensive report on the findings of the study.
Example 2: The editor compiled various articles into a single, cohesive publication.
Definition: Showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one’s achievements; also refers to being self-satisfied.
Word: complacent
Example 1: The team became complacent after winning several matches, leading to a surprising loss.
Example 2: His complacent attitude made him overlook potential problems.
Definition: Inclined to agree with others or obey rules, especially to an excessive degree; also refers to being accommodating or submissive.
Word: compliant
Example 1: The company is compliant with all the latest safety regulations.
Example 2: The child was unusually compliant, always following instructions without question.
Definition: The state of being involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing; also refers to being an accomplice.
Word: complicity
Example 1: The investigation revealed his complicity in the fraudulent scheme.
Example 2: She was charged with complicity in the robbery, even though she didn’t enter the bank.
Definition: To conduct oneself in a particular way; also refers to behaving in a manner consistent with something.
Word: comport
Example 1: He comported himself with dignity during the formal ceremony.
Example 2: The findings do not comport with the initial hypothesis.
Definition: Having one’s feelings and expression under control; also refers to being calm and serene.
Word: composed
Example 1: Despite the chaos, she remained composed and handled the situation with grace.
Example 2: He delivered his speech in a composed and confident manner.
Definition: A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; also refers to a substance formed from the chemical combination of two or more elements.
Word: compound
Example 1: The scientist studied the properties of the newly discovered compound.
Example 2: The company’s compound included several buildings within a secure perimeter.
Definition: Complete and including all or nearly all elements or aspects; also refers to thoroughness.
Word: comprehensive
Example 1: The report provided a comprehensive overview of the current economic situation.
Example 2: The comprehensive exam covered all the material studied throughout the semester.
Definition: To consist of; to be made up of; also refers to forming a part of something.
Word: comprise
Example 1: The committee comprises experts from various fields.
Example 2: The book is comprised of twelve chapters, each focusing on a different aspect of the topic.
Definition: Resulting from or relating to an irresistible urge, especially one that is against one’s conscious wishes.
Word: compulsive
Example 1: His compulsive need to check the locks on the doors made him late every day.
Example 2: She was a compulsive shopper, unable to resist buying things she didn’t need.
Definition: Required by law or a rule; obligatory.
Word: compulsory
Example 1: Wearing a seatbelt is compulsory in many countries.
Example 2: The school made it compulsory for students to attend the assembly.
Definition: A feeling of guilt or moral scruple that prevents or follows the doing of something bad.
Word: compunction
Example 1: He felt a pang of compunction after lying to his friend.
Example 2: She acted without compunction, knowing that her actions would hurt others.
Definition: To link things together in a chain or series.
Word: concatenate
Example 1: The developer concatenated several strings to form a complete message.
Example 2: The historian concatenated events from different periods to illustrate a common theme.
Definition: Having an outline or surface that curves inward like the interior of a circle or sphere.
Word: concave
Example 1: The concave lens helped to correct his vision by focusing the light properly.
Example 2: The spoon’s concave surface held a small amount of water.
Definition: To admit that something is true or valid after first denying or resisting it; also refers to giving up or yielding.
Word: concede
Example 1: After a long argument, she finally conceded that she was wrong.
Example 2: The candidate conceded defeat after the election results were announced.
Definition: Jointly arranged, planned, or carried out; coordinated.
Word: concerted
Example 1: The concerted effort of the team led to a successful project completion.
Example 2: They made a concerted effort to clean up the beach after the storm.
Definition: A large spiral shell, especially that of a tropical mollusk, often used as a horn.
Word: conch
Example 1: The conch was used in ancient times to signal the beginning of ceremonies.
Example 2: She collected conch shells during her vacation at the beach.
Definition: Intended or likely to placate or pacify; showing willingness to reconcile.
Word: conciliatory
Example 1: His conciliatory tone helped to ease the tension in the room.
Example 2: The government took a conciliatory approach to resolve the conflict.
Definition: Giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but comprehensive.
Word: concise
Example 1: The teacher appreciated the student’s concise summary of the book.
Example 2: Her presentation was concise and to the point, covering all the important details.
Definition: Serving to prove a case; decisive or convincing; also refers to being final or ending all doubt.
Word: conclusive
Example 1: The DNA evidence was conclusive, leaving no doubt about the identity of the suspect.
Example 2: The judge ruled that the evidence was conclusive and closed the case.
Definition: To create or devise (a story or plan); also refers to mixing ingredients to make something, usually food or drink.
Word: concoct
Example 1: He concocted an elaborate excuse to avoid going to the meeting.
Example 2: She concocted a delicious soup from the leftover ingredients.
Definition: Naturally accompanying or associated; occurring or existing concurrently.
Word: concomitant
Example 1: The drug’s use had concomitant side effects that needed to be managed.
Example 2: Economic growth often comes with concomitant environmental challenges.
Definition: Agreement or harmony between people or groups; also refers to a treaty or pact.
Word: concord
Example 1: The two nations lived in concord after signing the peace treaty.
Example 2: There was a lasting concord among the members of the community.
Definition: An agreement or treaty, especially one between the Vatican and a secular government relating to matters of mutual interest.
Word: concordat
Example 1: The concordat between the church and the state outlined their respective roles in education.
Example 2: The concordat was signed to ensure religious freedom within the country.
Definition: A large open area inside or in front of a public building, often used as a gathering place.
Word: concourse
Example 1: The airport concourse was filled with travelers waiting for their flights.
Example 2: The concourse in front of the stadium was bustling with activity before the game.
Definition: A woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives; also refers to a mistress.
Word: concubine
Example 1: In ancient times, concubines were often kept by royalty and nobles.
Example 2: The concubine had significant influence in the royal court despite her unofficial status.
Definition: To agree with someone or something; also refers to happening or occurring at the same time.
Word: concur
Example 1: The committee members all concurred with the proposed changes.
Example 2: The festival will concur with the town’s anniversary celebration.
Definition: Happening or existing at the same time; also refers to things that are acting in conjunction.
Word: concurrent
Example 1: The movie release was concurrent with the launch of the book.
Example 2: He served two concurrent sentences for the crimes he committed.
Definition: To show feelings of superiority; to do something in a haughty way, as though it is beneath one’s dignity or level of importance.
Word: condescend
Example 1: She would not condescend to answer the rude question.
Example 2: He condescended to help his colleague, although it was clear he felt it was beneath him.
Definition: A substance used to add flavor to food, such as salt, mustard, or ketchup.
Word: condiment
Example 1: The table was set with various condiments, including ketchup and mustard.
Example 2: She added a dash of her favorite condiment to the sandwich.
Definition: An expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of a death.
Word: condolence
Example 1: She sent her condolences to the family after hearing about their loss.
Example 2: The company issued a statement of condolence to the grieving family.
Definition: To accept or allow behavior that is morally wrong or offensive; to overlook or forgive.
Word: condone
Example 1: The teacher did not condone cheating in any form.
Example 2: The company was accused of condoning unethical practices in its overseas operations.
Definition: Making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible; contributing to or aiding.
Word: conducive
Example 1: A quiet room is conducive to studying effectively.
Example 2: The environment in the office is conducive to productive work.
Definition: A channel for conveying water or other fluid; also refers to a person or organization that acts as a channel for the transmission of something.
Word: conduit
Example 1: The water flowed through a conduit from the reservoir to the fields.
Example 2: The diplomat acted as a conduit for secret communications between the two countries.
Definition: To engage in conversation or talk informally; also refers to fabricating imaginary experiences to compensate for memory loss.
Word: confabulate
Example 1: The old friends sat by the fire and confabulated about their adventures.
Example 2: Patients with certain memory disorders may confabulate to fill in gaps in their recollection.
Definition: A sweet dish or delicacy, typically one made with sugar; also refers to a fancy creation, especially in dress or decoration.
Word: confection
Example 1: She brought a beautiful confection of chocolates to the party.
Example 2: The bride wore a confection of lace and silk for her wedding.
Definition: A league or alliance, especially of states or groups united for a common purpose; also refers to the group of southern states that seceded from the U.S. during the Civil War.
Word: confederacy
Example 1: The confederacy of tribes banded together to resist the invaders.
Example 2: The Confederate States of America formed a confederacy during the American Civil War.
Definition: To grant or bestow a title, degree, benefit, or right; also refers to discussing or consulting with others.
Word: confer
Example 1: The university will confer honorary degrees at the commencement ceremony.
Example 2: The leaders met to confer about the terms of the agreement.
Definition: A formal meeting for discussion; also refers to a gathering where individuals with a shared interest can exchange information.
Word: conference
Example 1: The annual conference on technology was attended by experts from around the world.
Example 2: They held a press conference to announce the new initiative.
Definition: A person with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting them not to repeat it to others.
Word: confidant
Example 1: She considered her sister to be her closest confidant.
Example 2: The CEO had only a few trusted confidants with whom he discussed company matters.
Definition: To tell someone about a secret or private matter while trusting them not to repeat it to others.
Word: confide
Example 1: He confided in his friend about his plans to start a new business.
Example 2: She confided her fears to her mother, knowing she would understand.
Definition: To take or seize someone’s property with authority, typically as a penalty.
Word: confiscate
Example 1: The police confiscated the illegal substances found during the raid.
Example 2: The teacher confiscated the student’s phone for using it during class.
Definition: A large, destructive fire; also refers to a conflict or war.
Word: conflagration
Example 1: The conflagration destroyed several buildings in the downtown area.
Example 2: The political situation escalated into a full-blown conflagration.
Definition: The junction of two rivers, especially rivers of approximately equal width; also refers to the act or process of merging.
Word: confluence
Example 1: The city was built at the confluence of two major rivers.
Example 2: There was a confluence of ideas during the brainstorming session.
Definition: To cause surprise or confusion in someone, especially by acting against their expectations; also refers to mixing up or confusing something with something else.
Word: confound
Example 1: The magician’s tricks confounded the audience.
Example 2: The results of the experiment confounded the researchers, as they were unexpected.
Definition: To cause someone to be bewildered or perplexed; also refers to making something unclear or difficult to understand.
Word: confuse
Example 1: The complicated instructions confused the students.
Example 2: The two similar words often confuse people learning the language.
Definition: To prove a person or an assertion to be wrong; to refute.
Word: confute
Example 1: The scientist confuted the theory with new evidence.
Example 2: The lawyer confuted the witness’s testimony during cross-examination.
Definition: To solidify or coagulate, especially by cooling; also refers to taking shape or becoming fixed in form.
Word: congeal
Example 1: The soup began to congeal as it cooled down.
Example 2: Ideas for the project started to congeal after several brainstorming sessions.
Definition: Pleasant because of a personality, qualities, or interests that are similar to one’s own; also refers to being friendly and sociable.
Word: congenial
Example 1: The host was very congenial, making all the guests feel welcome.
Example 2: She found the work environment congenial and enjoyed her job immensely.
Definition: Present from birth, especially referring to a disease or physical abnormality; also refers to a characteristic or trait.
Word: congenital
Example 1: The baby was born with a congenital heart defect.
Example 2: His congenital honesty made him a trusted friend.
Definition: A disorderly collection or jumble; an aggregation.
Word: congeries
Example 1: The attic was filled with a congeries of old furniture, books, and clothes.
Example 2: The argument was a congeries of contradictory statements and ideas.
Definition: Agreement or harmony; compatibility; also refers to geometric figures that are identical in form.
Word: congruence
Example 1: There was a strong congruence between their values and beliefs.
Example 2: The congruence of the two triangles was demonstrated by their identical angles and sides.
Definition: Referring to trees or shrubs that bear cones and evergreen needles or leaves, typically found in colder climates.
Word: coniferous
Example 1: The forest was predominantly coniferous, with towering pine and fir trees.
Example 2: Coniferous trees are often used as Christmas trees due to their evergreen nature.
Definition: An opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information; a guess.
Word: conjecture
Example 1: His conjecture about the outcome of the game was based on nothing more than a hunch.
Example 2: The detective’s conjecture turned out to be correct after further investigation.
Definition: Relating to marriage or the relationship of a married couple.
Word: conjugal
Example 1: They enjoyed a strong conjugal bond and were very supportive of each other.
Example 2: The prison allowed conjugal visits for married inmates.
Definition: To call upon or summon a spirit or ghost; also refers to bringing something to mind or creating something as if by magic.
Word: conjure
Example 1: The magician conjured a rabbit out of the hat.
Example 2: The smell of the cookies baking conjured memories of her childhood.
Definition: To secretly allow something considered immoral, illegal, or harmful to occur; also refers to conspiring or plotting.
Word: connive
Example 1: The officials were accused of conniving with the criminals to cover up the scandal.
Example 2: They connived to overthrow the government.
Definition: An expert judge in matters of taste, such as in the arts, food, or wine.
Word: connoisseur
Example 1: He was a connoisseur of fine wines and could easily distinguish between different vintages.
Example 2: As a connoisseur of art, she had an extensive collection of masterpieces.
Definition: Relating to or denoting people descended from the same ancestor; of the same blood or origin.
Word: consanguineous
Example 1: The consanguineous relationship between the cousins was evident in their similar features.
Example 2: In some cultures, consanguineous marriages are quite common.
Definition: Wishing to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly; being careful and diligent.
Word: conscientious
Example 1: She was a conscientious student, always turning in her assignments on time.
Example 2: The doctor was conscientious about providing the best care to her patients.
Definition: Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.
Word: conscription
Example 1: During the war, the government introduced conscription to increase the size of the military.
Example 2: Many young men were drafted into the army through conscription.
Definition: To make or declare something sacred, especially in a religious ceremony; also refers to dedicating something to a divine purpose.
Word: consecrate
Example 1: The bishop consecrated the new church in a special ceremony.
Example 2: He consecrated his life to helping others in need.
