Educ-210-module 1 to 6 Flashcards
Projection says that 25% to 28% of Canadian will be foreign by…
2031
The first found power of a teacher is…
The relationship with a student
What predicts the success of a student through grade 8?
The relationship teacher/student in kindergarten
A good teacher must…..
Adapt
What is one way of going beyond accommodation?
Differentiation
….. is one way of going beyond accomodating learner differences to viewing as an array of s on which to build
Differentiated instruction
What are the goals of educational psychology?
Understand and improve the teaching
…..often include survey results, interview responses….of class activities.
Descriptive studies
…..is a number that indicates both the strength and the direction of a relationship between two events or measurements
Correlation study
The close the correlation is to 1 or -1 the….
Stronger the relationship
……can indicate cause and effect
Experimental study
During …… studies, instead of just observing and describing an existing situation, the investigators introduce changes and note the results
Experimental
What is the biggest difference between experimental and quasi-experimental study?
The participants are not assigned to groups at random
… studies take many detailed observations of subjects to track the progression of change from the very beginning until a process becomes stable
micro-genetic studies
what is an established relationship between two factors or more?
a principle
what is an interrelated set of concepts that are used to explain a body of data and to make predictions about the results of future experiments?
a theory
what are the strongest predictors of student achievement in reading and mathematics?
Teachers preparation and certification
What is a descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved
ethology
What is a statistical description of how closely two variables are related?
correlation
What are research methods in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded
experimentation
What is a study that document changes that occur in subjects over time, often years?
longitudinal study
What is a study that focuses on groups of subjects at different ages rather than following the same group for many years?
cross-sectional study
What is a relationship between two variables in which the two increase or decrease together (ex: calorie intake and weight gain)?
positive correlation
What is a relationship between two variables in which a high value on one is associated with a low value on the other (ex: height and distance from the top of head to the ceiling)?
negative correlation
What is a systematic observation or testing of methods that teachers conduct to improve teaching and learning for their students?
action research
What kind of research study involves an intensive examination of real-life contexts through observations?
Ethnographic study
if a researcher participates in a class over a 2-month period and analyzes the strategies the teachers employ to maintain discipline, it a?
ethnographic study
when two factors are relatively independent, the correlation coefficient is likely to be around?
0
When you want to determine the relationship between two factors, you should use?
correlation study
Random assignments would be most critical in?
experimental research
Who said: a good theory can give you a new way of thinking about a problem.
Woolfolk
Who produce the two most important theories on cognitive development?
Piaget and Vygotsky
Piaget is an?
Epistemologist
According to Piaget, knowledge begins with?
an action on an object
Piaget considers himself a?
constructivist, therefore, continual creativity
Does a child draw what he or she sees?
No, he or she draws the perception of what he or she sees
According to Piaget, what are the 4 stages of development?
sensorimoteur - 0 to 2
preoperational - 2 to 7
concrete operational - 7 to 11
formal operational - 11 to adult
Does Piaget’s theory highlight the role of a mentor or a professor?
No, learn by yourself, discover
According to Piaget, what are the 4 factors that change the thinking process?
biological maturation
activity
social experience
equilibration (search of mental valance)
According to Piaget, what are the 2 basic instinct that all species inherit?
organization
adaptation by assimilation of accomodation
Did Piaget concentrate more on guiding the teachers or on children’s thinking?
On children’s thinking
What was Piaget’s main goal?
help children learn how to learn
According to Vygostsky, why don’t children have internal speech?
Because they don’t understand speech
According to Vygostsky, when do children interiorise speech?
When they begin school
Vygostky focused on?
the mental development of children
According to Vygostky, how does an infant starts learning?
imitation, then imitating and understanding then internalize the concept
How do we call it when a child can do something on its own? the area between the learner’s current development level and the level the learner could achieve with some support form a more capable peer
a zone of proximal development
What is: genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time?
maturation
maturation
genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time
What is: orderly, adaptive changes that humans (or animals) go through from conception to death?
development
development
orderly, adaptive changes that humans (or animals) go through from conception to death
What are the 4 types of development?
physical
personal
social
cognitive
unused neurons will be…
pruned
Do people generally development at the same rate?
no, different rate but same order and gradually
On what basis synaptic connections are formed?
on individual’s experience
Will extra stimulation improve development for young children?
Not necessarily
What is the last part of the brain to develop?
the frontal lobe of cerebral cortex
The cortex has 3 major functions?
receiving signals from sense organs
controlling voluntary movement
forming associations
Why is lateralization important?
to equilibrate the two sides of the brain so they work together
What is the last part of the cortex to develop?
the frontal lobe
What does the frontal lobe control?
Higher-order thinking processes
What does the temporal lobe of the cortex control?
emotion, judgement and language.
What system develops earlier?
the limbic system
the prefrontal lobe takes more time to develop, it is involved with?
judgment and decision making
How do children regulate their own behaviour?
by using private speech.
According to Vygotsky, what explains that children regulate their own behaviour by using private speech?
it guides cognitive development
Is the Piagetian method too reliant on language, thus underestimating the intellectual abilities of younger children?
Piaget arrived at his theory by paying close attention to how children explained their thinking while solving problems. Since children may vary in their language skills, this will necessarily affect the assessment of cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective.
Could effective instruction facilitate learning?
yes, children can learn to perform cognitive operations such a conversation, with effective instruction. They do not have to naturally discover these ways of thinking on their own
What is the role of culture in cognitive learning?
when a culture or context emphasizes a cognitive ability, children growing up in that culture tend to acquire the corresponding ability sooner
What is the basis of Piaget’s theory?
on the assumption that people try to make sense of the world and actively create knowledge through direct experience
According to Vygostky, what are the building blocks of thinking?
schemes, people adapt to their environment as they increase and organize their schemes
What did Piaget underestimate?
children’s cognitive abilities. He insisted that children could not be taught the operations of the next stage, but had to develop them on their own
What did Piaget overlooked?
cultural factors in child development
According to Piaget, private speech was an indication of the child’s what?
egocentrism
According to Vygotsky, cognitive development hinges on?
social interaction and development of language
What did Vigostky overemphasized?
the role of social interaction
What must be very carefully balanced to encourage growth?
desequilibrium
Since according to Piaget learning is a constructive process, learning should be…
include both physical manipulation of objects and mental manipulation of ideas
What provides the raw materials for thinking?
concrete experiences
According to Piaget, the foundation for development in all humans is supplied by…
maturation
Jeannie observed rocks sinking in water and said: I knew that all rocks sink. Then, she saw a piece of pumice floating on water and was told that pumice is rock. Several days later, she was asked again if rocks sink in water. She replied, well most do.
In Piaget’s terms, what process did Jeannie use to draw this conclusion
She is using accommodation by changing her ideas about the rock through new knowledge and experience
Do the Piagetian stages concern ways of thinking or age levels?
ways of thinking, not particular age levels or levels of intelligence
What range of age is the private speech most common?
age 5 to 7
According to Vygostky, what is the beneficial function of private speech?
guiding activities in solving a problem
How many years ahead of male do female mature?
About 2
Is early maturation beneficial for girls?
no
What does play support?
brain development, language and social development
According to Bronfenbrenner, every person develops within:
a microsystem embedded in a mesosystem inside a ecosystem and all of these part of the macrosystem influenced by the chronosystem
What is the microsystem?
immediate relationships and activities
What is the ecosystem?
larger social settings
What is a mesosystem?
relationships among the microsystem
What is a macrosystem?
culture
What is chronosystem?
time period
What are the four types of parenting?
authoritative
authoritarian
permissive
rejecting
What type of parenting is authoritative?
warm parents that set clear and reasonable limits
What type of parenting is authoritarian?
cold and prompt to punishment, demand that children submit to their rules. High in control and low in warmth and responsiveness with the expectation that children follow their order without negotiation. Harsh and punitive in their discipline style
What type of parenting is permissive?
fair parents
What type of parenting is rejecting?
uninvolved
If you have authoritative parents you will be…
more likely to be happy with themselves and relate well to others
If you have authoritarian parents you will be…
lower levels of self-control and may be less popular with peers
If you have permissive or rejecting parents you will be…
often have trouble in their relationships and are more likely to engage in risky and delinquent behaviour
What are the Erikson and Bronfenbrenner theories about?
how individual develop the sense of who they are through social interactions
What are the Gilligan and Goldberg theories about?
how individual make their choices and actions from a moral standpoint
What are the pillars of morality?
reciprocity (fairness) and empathy (compassion)
What is the psychosocial theory of development according to Erikson?
the relationship between society and the individual. It connects the personal development to the social environment
How many stages of life does human go through according to Erikson?
8 and each involve a central crisis. Adequate resolution of each crisis leads to greater personal and social competence and stronger foundation for solving future crisis
What is stage 1 and 2?
an infant must develop a sense of trust and autonomy
What is stage 3?
developing initiative and avoiding feelings of guilt
What is stage 4?
achieving a sense of industry and avoiding feelings of inferiority
What is stage 5?
identity versus role confusion
What are stages 6, 7 and 8?
struggles to achieve intimate generativity and integrity
What is self-concept?
our attempts to build a scheme that organize our impressions, feelings, and attitudes about ourselves
What is self-esteem?
an evaluation of your self-worth
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes which 3 levels?
- pre-conventional level
- conventional level
- post-conventional level
What is the pre-conventional level?
where judgments are based on self-interest
What is the conventional level?
where judgments are based on traditional family values and social expectations
What is the post-conventional level?
where judgments are based on more abstract and personal ethical principles
According to Gilligan, were the women’s development adequately represented in Kohlberg’s research?
it was not
What is one of the influences on the development of moral behavior?
modelling
According to Erickson, the crisis that some individual faces at each developmental stage involve…
a conflict between a positive alternative and a potentially unhealthy alternative.
When does a child begin to assume responsibilities for self-care?
during the autonomy vs shame and doubt period
If a parent does not reinforce the activities in self-care, the child may…
begin to lose confidence in his or her abilities to do things for themselves
During what stage do children branch out from the homeworld and cope with academics, group activities and friends in developing a sense of industry.
industry vs inferiority
If a child is considering real-life options, making choices and pursuing them, he or she is…
experiencing identity achievement
What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem?
self-concept is cognitive while self-esteem is an affective reaction
What is the Big fish little pond?
children in average schools may feel better about their own abilities than those in high ability schools
What is the basis for intelligence?
it is a biological basis and education plays a parallel role in nurturing an individual potential
What is inclusion philosophy?
it provides all learners the opportunity to achieve their true potential in a least restrictive environment
Gardner suggests 8 types of unique intelligence.
- musical
- spatial
- naturalist
- linguistic
- bodily/kinesthetic
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal
- logical mathematical
Gardner then added 2 more.
- spiritual
2. existential
Sternberg believes that the processes of intelligence are…
universal for all human
According to Sternberg, there is 3 successful intelligence.
- analytic
- creative
- practical
What is analytic intelligence?
involves the mental processes in term of components
What is creative intelligence?
involves coping with new experiences through insight or automaticity
What is practical intelligence?
choosing to live and work in a context made up mostly of action oriented tacit knowledge learned during everyday life
What is people-first language?
the emphasis is on the students first, not on the special challenges these students face
What is a disability?
an inability to do something specific
What is a handicap?
a disadvantage in certain situations
Spearman suggested that there is one mental attribute which he called…
g, used to perform any mental test
Intelligence test scores predict success in…
school
Intelligence test is less predictive of success in …
life
What is the Flynn effect?
the fact that IQ questions are getting harder and harder and people who were not identified as having intellectual disabilities a generation ago might be identified as disabled now
What can affect school performance?
learning style and learning preferences
What are the learning style distinctions that are the most well supported by research?
deep versus surface
deep = understanding some underlying concepts or meaning
surface = memorizing the learning material, not understanding
What often helps students with learning disabilities?
a focus on learning strategies
What are the best approaches for students with emotional and behavioral disorders?
behavioral approaches and direct teaching of social skills
What is RTI?
Response to intervention: an approach to supporting students with learning problems as early as possible
What is the 3-tiered system for RTI process
- use strong, well-researched way of teaching all students
- getting extra support and additional small group instruction
- one to one intensive help and perhaps a special nee assessment
Many psychologists theorize…
intelligence is a collection of abilities rather than one type of ability
What is QI?
a score comparing mental age to chronoligical age. (ma/ca) * 100
Psychologist today believe that intelligence is influenced equally by…
heredity and environment
What is beneficial for gifted students?
both acceleration and enrichment
What seems to be the most effective in helping students with attention deficits?
behavior management strategies (can supplement or replace drug therapy by teaching students strategies for learning
Is language differences a disorder?
no, ex: speaking in a strong dialect
What is one current explanation for Autism Spectrum Disorders?
lack a theory of mind
By what age most children have mastered almost all the sound of their native language?
age 5
In terms of vocabulary, we understand more…
words then we use
What is pragmatic?
knowledge of how to use language
Two broad categories of skills that are important for later reading?
- understanding sounds and codes
2. oral language skill such as expressive and receptive vocabulary. ability to understand and tell stories
When is the best time to learn accurate pronunciation?
early childhood
Proficiency in a second language has two separate aspects.
face to face and academic
What do we call the difference between how man and woman talk?
genderlect
What are the 4 general profiles of English language learners?
- balances bilinguals: speak, read and write well both languages
- monolingual/literate: literate in their native language but speak limited English
- monolingual/preliterate: are not literate. they may not read or write in their native language
- limited bilingual: can converse well in both languages but for some reason have trouble learning academically
What is generation 1.5?
students who were not born in Canada but came with their families when they were young
The more proficient students are in their first language, the …
faster they will master the second
What is discrimination?
unequal treatment of actions toward particular categories of people
What is SES?
socioeconomic status is a term used by sociologists for variations in wealth, power, control…
SES and school achievement are…
moderately correlated
The longer the child is in poverty…
the stronger the impact in on achievement
Do low SES children lose academic ground outside school over the summer
yes, higher children continue to advance
Ethnicity is…
culturally transmitted behaviour
Race is…
biologically transmitted physical traits
What are the t1o strands of elements that bind students to their classroom?
- self-agency, capacity to set and pursue goals
2. caring and connected relationships with the teacher, peer, and the home
When is the best time to teach a second language?
early or middle childhood
Is there a penalty for students who learn and speak a second language?
no cognitive penalty
What is metalinguistic awareness?
knowledge about the rules and conventions of a language.
At what stage can children understand rules, capitalization…
at the metalinguistic awareness stage
How long does it take a student to be able to communicate face to face in a second language
2 to 3 years
How long does it take to master a second language?
5 to 10 years
What do aboriginal cultures train and reward?
visual-motor and spatial skill (contrary to the dominant culture where verbal skills are rewarded)
Does regrouping students by sec make teaching easier?
No, in fact it may make class management more challenging
What influences learning?
external stimuli and circumstance
Who introduced the theory of contiguity?
Pavlo
Pavlov argued…
human behavior is acquired when people actively operate on their environment - operant conditioning
Human will likely repeat a behavior when it is…
reinforced
Human will more likely extinguish a behavior through
punishment
Bandura’s theory is that…
human often imitate or learn a behavior that they have observed - theory of observation learning
When will human reproduce a behavior that they have seen?
When there is sufficient incentive to do so
What are the basic assumptions of behavioral theories
- learning results in a change in behavior
2. contiguity and consequences affect the process of learning
What is classical conditioning?
Neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response. Later, the neutral stimulus alone evokes the response.
Therefore, the neutral stimulus is conditioned to bring forth a conditioned response. tension when you hear a dentist’s drill
A reinforcer will…
strengthen a desirable behavior
A punisher will…
reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior
Negative-reinforcer is…
removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a desirable behavior
Removal punishment is…
removing privilege
Variable ratio is…
the slot machines pay off after an indeterminate number of uses
Variable intervals are …
pop quizzes
When does learning occur?
when experience causes a change in a person’s knowledge or behavior Changes simply caused by maturation, illness…. are excluded from a general definition of learning
What is contiguity learning?
association of two events because of repeated pairing
What is classical learning?
association of automatic responses to new stimuli
What is operant learning?
learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents
What is observational learning?
by learning
Skinner’s concept of operant conditioning is…
people learn through the effects of their deliberate responses
What always strengthens a behavior?
the process of reinforcement, positive or negative
What encourages persistence in a behavior?
ratio schedule
What encourages persistence of response?
variable schedules
What is a cue?
an antecedent stimulus just before a particular behavior is to take place
What is a prompt?
an additional cue following the first cue. Slowly fade the prompt so the student does not become dependant on the prompt
the steps
- clearly specify the behavior to be changed and note the current level
- plan a specific intervention using antecedents, consequences or both
- keep track of the results and modify the plan if necessary
The Premack principle states that…
a high-frequency behavior (preferred activity) can be effective-reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior
To help students develop new responses a little at a time you use…
shaping. It is useful for building complex skill, increasing persistence, endurance.
Punishment does not lead to positive behavior or compassion for other…
it may interfere with developing a caring relationship
What is self-management?
students can analyze their own behavior
