Edocrine System (final chapter) Flashcards
1
Q
What’s the Endo a series of
A
glands
2
Q
What does the Endo release
A
hormones
3
Q
Where does the Endo release
A
into the bloodstream
4
Q
What does the Endo help control
A
organs
5
Q
What do you need Endo to maintain
A
homeostasis, to grow and reproduce
6
Q
Hormones used to regulate endocrine
A
metabolism, growth + development, sexual function, sleep, mood, stress, injury response
7
Q
What are the chemicals produced by glands called
A
hormones
8
Q
Hormones are specific to certain
A
target tissues or cells
9
Q
How can hormones influence cells
A
Releasing nerve receptors into one part of the body to influence the “target tissues”
10
Q
4 main parts of the Endo system
A
glands, hormones, blood stream, receptors
11
Q
How are we able to send that message
A
hormones sends nerve waves to the bloodstream and back to the target cell, where its recieved
12
Q
Glands
A
Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas
13
Q
The Endo system has many glands but rely on
A
organs
14
Q
Organs
A
Thalamus, Kidney, Uterus, Ovaries, Testes
15
Q
Effects of hormones can be
A
slow and long lasting
16
Q
How long can it take for a cell to fully respond to a hormone
A
up to several minutes or even days
17
Q
Adrenal gland (hormone produced)
A
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
18
Q
Adrenal gland (function)
A
helps body regulate stress
19
Q
Pineal gland (hormone produced)
A
Melatonin
20
Q
Pineal gland (function)
A
regulates sleep to wake cycle
21
Q
Thyroid gland (hormone produced)
A
Thyroxine
22
Q
Thyroid (function)
A
regulates metabolism
23
Q
Pancreas (hormone produced)
A
Insulin
24
Q
Pancreas (function)
A
regulates blood sugar
25
Ovary (hormone produced)
Estrogen, Progesterone
26
Ovary (function)
Estrogen does the development of eggs and female sex characteristic
Progesterone prepares Uterus for a fertilized egg
27
Testis (hormone produced)
Testosterone
28
Testis (function)
sperm production and development of male sex characteristics
29
2 general groups of hormones
steroids & amino acids
30
What's steroid made out of
lipids
31
Can steroid pass through cell membrane
yes, easily
32
Where is the steroid located
passes into cytoplasm, inside the cell & travels to the nucleus from there
33
Does the steroid rely on secondary messengers (y/n)
no
34
Steroid can affect genes and produce dramatic changes (y/n)
yes
35
What's amino acids made out of
proteins or mutified acid
36
Can amino acids pass through cell membrane
no, cannot generally pass through
37
Where is the amino acids located
they must bind to a receptor outside the cell on the plasma to pass through the cell membrane
38
Does the amino acids rely on secondary messengers (y/n)
yes
39
amino acids can affect genes and produce dramatic changes (y/n)
yes, the protein can alter cell activity
40
Hypothalamus main function
maintain homeostasis
41
brain glands and organs
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary
42
What is the Pituitary gland
the master Endo gland
43
What does the Pituitary control
it controls other Endo glands
44
How are the hypothalamus and pituitary connected
it releases its own hormones or stimulates other glands to release theirs
45
Front part of pituitary
anterior
46
Back part of pituitary
posterior
47
Posterior pituitary is a projection of the
hypothalamus
48
Does pituitary make its own hormone
it doesn't
49
What does pituitary store
hormones created by the hypothalamus
50
Posterior pituitary (hormone secreted)
Anti-diuretic (ADH), oxytocin
51
Effects of posterior pituitary hormone (ADH)
stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water
52
Effects of posterior pituitary hormone - oxytocin
contractions of the uterus during childbirth; stimulates the release of milk
53
Anterior pituitary (hormone secreted)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (LTH), Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
54
Follicle stimulating hormone effects
stimulates the production of eggs and sperm
55
Luteinizing hormone effects
stimulates cells to make estrogen and testosterone
56
Thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates production of thyroxine from thyroid gland
57
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates and releases hormones from the adrenal cortex, including cortisol
58
Growth hormone (GH)
stimulates proteins synthesis and growth in cells
59
Prolactin
stimulates milk production in nursing mothers
60
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
61
What's the role of the hypothalamus
linking to the nervous system, then to the endocrine system through the pituitary
62
How does the hypothalamus achieve homeostasis
it communicates with the brain & pituitary to make sure the bodies getting what it needs
63
What's the Endo system regulated by
feedback mechanism - function to maintain homeostasis
64
If feedback is okay, what happens to the hormone
hormones secretion is turned off or there's no action required
65
If feedback is negative, what happens to the hormone
hormones secretion is turned on and creates a message that changes need to be made
66
After secretions turned on, what happens
hormones deliver messages to the receptor
67
Example of feedback mechanism like a thermostat (extra)
setting it to a certain temp communicates with your heating system to turn on. Once set temp is reached, the heating will turn off temporarily
68
What makes HGH illegal
Taking HGH without perscription
69
When can HGH be prescribed
those with severe growth issues
70
Why do you sweat during exercise
your body temp increases
71
How can body sweat negatively affect you
losing water from the body cause dehydration
72
What does the hypothalamus do when you're dehydrated
stimulates pituitary to release ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
73
Where does the ADH target during dehydration
it targets the kidneys
74
What does ADH do
it helps retain water instead of releasing it as wastes
75
Whens adrenaline released
In times of great stress or "fight or flight" situations
76
What's adrenalines target tissue
vital organs like the liver and heart
77
How does pituitary control the thyroid gland
it creates TSH and stimulates the thyroid (thyroid stimulating hormone)
78
What are hormones secreted by the thyroid
T4 (metabolism), T3 (growth, development, metabolism & HR), and calcitonin (calcium)
79
Thyroxine is a hormone produced by
the thryroid
80
What thyroxine and thyroid gland help regulate
metabolism
81
How does the thyroxine and thyroid help cells
stimulating cells to become more active
82
Low thyroxine causes the hypothalamus to release
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
83
Hypothyroidism
under active thyroid
84
Causes of Hypothyroidism
No enough iodine
84
SX of Hyperthyroidism
weight loss, fast HR, warm skin, tremors, restlessness
84
Things that can potentially reverse Hypothyroidism
seafood, eggs, raw dairy
84
SX of Hypothyroidism
slow metabolism, sluggish feeling, weight gain, etc.
84
Hyperthyroidism
overactive thyroid
85
Causes of Hyperthyroidism
autoimmune diseases like graves disease, hyper functioning thyroid nodules, or cancer
86
Nodules are common and most are
harmless
87
Parathyroid
tiny glands located on the thyroid
88
The parathyroid raises
calcium levels in the blood
89
Calcium is needed for your
bones, heart, kidneys, and nervous system
90
What is Hyperglycemia
high blood sugars
91
What is diabetes
a class of diseases characterized by high blood sugar
92
When the blood sugars are high what happenes
the pancreas secretes insulin, lowering your sugar in the blood
93
Type 1 diabetes
the pancreas doesn't produce insulin due to defects
94
What happens when the body can’t produce insulin
The body's immune system attacks the insulin producing cells of the pancreas
95
Tx for type 1 diabetes
insulin injections or other medications
96
Type 2 diabetes
genetic or related to obesity
97
What happens with type 2 diabetes
muscles and organs resist insulin, and don't react to it in the body
98
Tx for type 2 diabetes
diet, exercise, medications, weight loss
99
5 things endocrinologist help treat
short statue, late puberty, gigantism, hyper and hypothyroidism and more
100
negative feedback (extra)
usually hormones released and the body can't have too much, it has to maintain a balance (hypothalamus tell it to slow down or stops)
101
EMERGENCY GLAND (IMPORTANT)
Adrenal gland
102
what age range does type 1 diabetes usually have
it tends to be in younger ages
103
how can you prevent type 1 diabetes
you cannot prevent type 1, type 2, though, its exercise, diet, etc.
104
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic) function
stimulates growth and secretion of the cortex of the adrenal gland
105
TSH (thyrotropin) function
stimulates growth and secretion of the thyroid gland
106
GH (growth hormones)
Stimulates normal body growth
107
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Stimulates growth hormone production in the ovaries and production of sperm in male
108
LH (lutenizing) -female
ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating) -male (less important)
Stimulates ovulation and secretion of progesterone
Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
109
Prolactin (LTH)
stimulates milk production after delivering and infant
110
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
Stimulates the production and dispersion of melanin pigment
111
ADH (vasopressin)
Antidiuretic hormones and promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys
112
Oxytocin
contraction of the uterus during childbirth, stimulates milk flow
113
Thyroxine
Increases metabolism rates
114
Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
Increases absorption of calcium
115
PTH (parathormone)
Regulates calcium and phosphate in the blood
116
Mineralocorticoids aldosterone (less important)
regulate sodium in the kidneys, eliminate potassium
117
Glucocorticoid cortisol (less important)
aids in metabolism of protein fats and carbohydrates
118
Estrogen
Stimulate female sex characteristics
119
Androgen
Stimulate male sex characteristics in a women
120
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Activate in time of stress to increase cardiac output and increase blood pressure
121
Norepinephrine
Activate body in a stress situation
122
Insulin
Used in metabolism of glucose to promote blood sugar
123
Glucagon
Maintains blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver
124
Progesterone
Maintaining a fertilized egg and lining of the uterus
125
Testosterone
Stimulates the making of sperm and male sex characteristics
126
Thymosin (thymopoietin) (less important)
stimulates production of lymphocytes and antibiotics
127
exocrine
ducts, external sections
128
endocrine
ductless to secrete hormones to the bloodstream
