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Academic flashcards (nursing) > Edocrine System (final chapter) > Flashcards

Edocrine System (final chapter) Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the Endo a series of

A

glands

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2
Q

What does the Endo release

A

hormones

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3
Q

Where does the Endo release

A

into the bloodstream

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4
Q

What does the Endo help control

A

organs

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5
Q

What do you need Endo to maintain

A

homeostasis, to grow and reproduce

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6
Q

Hormones used to regulate endocrine

A

metabolism, growth + development, sexual function, sleep, mood, stress, injury response

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7
Q

What are the chemicals produced by glands called

A

hormones

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8
Q

Hormones are specific to certain

A

target tissues or cells

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9
Q

How can hormones influence cells

A

Releasing nerve receptors into one part of the body to influence the “target tissues”

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10
Q

4 main parts of the Endo system

A

glands, hormones, blood stream, receptors

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11
Q

How are we able to send that message

A

hormones sends nerve waves to the bloodstream and back to the target cell, where its recieved

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12
Q

Glands

A

Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas

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13
Q

The Endo system has many glands but rely on

A

organs

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14
Q

Organs

A

Thalamus, Kidney, Uterus, Ovaries, Testes

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15
Q

Effects of hormones can be

A

slow and long lasting

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16
Q

How long can it take for a cell to fully respond to a hormone

A

up to several minutes or even days

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17
Q

Adrenal gland (hormone produced)

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

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18
Q

Adrenal gland (function)

A

helps body regulate stress

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19
Q

Pineal gland (hormone produced)

A

Melatonin

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20
Q

Pineal gland (function)

A

regulates sleep to wake cycle

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21
Q

Thyroid gland (hormone produced)

A

Thyroxine

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22
Q

Thyroid (function)

A

regulates metabolism

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23
Q

Pancreas (hormone produced)

A

Insulin

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24
Q

Pancreas (function)

A

regulates blood sugar

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25
Q

Ovary (hormone produced)

A

Estrogen, Progesterone

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26
Q

Ovary (function)

A

Estrogen does the development of eggs and female sex characteristic
Progesterone prepares Uterus for a fertilized egg

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27
Q

Testis (hormone produced)

A

Testosterone

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28
Q

Testis (function)

A

sperm production and development of male sex characteristics

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29
Q

2 general groups of hormones

A

steroids & amino acids

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30
Q

What’s steroid made out of

A

lipids

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31
Q

Can steroid pass through cell membrane

A

yes, easily

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32
Q

Where is the steroid located

A

passes into cytoplasm, inside the cell & travels to the nucleus from there

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33
Q

Does the steroid rely on secondary messengers (y/n)

A

no

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34
Q

Steroid can affect genes and produce dramatic changes (y/n)

A

yes

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35
Q

What’s amino acids made out of

A

proteins or mutified acid

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36
Q

Can amino acids pass through cell membrane

A

no, cannot generally pass through

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37
Q

Where is the amino acids located

A

they must bind to a receptor outside the cell on the plasma to pass through the cell membrane

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38
Q

Does the amino acids rely on secondary messengers (y/n)

A

yes

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39
Q

amino acids can affect genes and produce dramatic changes (y/n)

A

yes, the protein can alter cell activity

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40
Q

Hypothalamus main function

A

maintain homeostasis

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41
Q

brain glands and organs

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary

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42
Q

What is the Pituitary gland

A

the master Endo gland

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43
Q

What does the Pituitary control

A

it controls other Endo glands

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44
Q

How are the hypothalamus and pituitary connected

A

it releases its own hormones or stimulates other glands to release theirs

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45
Q

Front part of pituitary

A

anterior

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46
Q

Back part of pituitary

A

posterior

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47
Q

Posterior pituitary is a projection of the

A

hypothalamus

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48
Q

Does pituitary make its own hormone

A

it doesn’t

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49
Q

What does pituitary store

A

hormones created by the hypothalamus

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50
Q

Posterior pituitary (hormone secreted)

A

Anti-diuretic (ADH), oxytocin

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51
Q

Effects of posterior pituitary hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water

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52
Q

Effects of posterior pituitary hormone - oxytocin

A

contractions of the uterus during childbirth; stimulates the release of milk

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53
Q

Anterior pituitary (hormone secreted)

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (LTH), Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

54
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone effects

A

stimulates the production of eggs and sperm

55
Q

Luteinizing hormone effects

A

stimulates cells to make estrogen and testosterone

56
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

stimulates production of thyroxine from thyroid gland

57
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates and releases hormones from the adrenal cortex, including cortisol

58
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates proteins synthesis and growth in cells

59
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production in nursing mothers

60
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

61
Q

What’s the role of the hypothalamus

A

linking to the nervous system, then to the endocrine system through the pituitary

62
Q

How does the hypothalamus achieve homeostasis

A

it communicates with the brain & pituitary to make sure the bodies getting what it needs

63
Q

What’s the Endo system regulated by

A

feedback mechanism - function to maintain homeostasis

64
Q

If feedback is okay, what happens to the hormone

A

hormones secretion is turned off or there’s no action required

65
Q

If feedback is negative, what happens to the hormone

A

hormones secretion is turned on and creates a message that changes need to be made

66
Q

After secretions turned on, what happens

A

hormones deliver messages to the receptor

67
Q

Example of feedback mechanism like a thermostat (extra)

A

setting it to a certain temp communicates with your heating system to turn on. Once set temp is reached, the heating will turn off temporarily

68
Q

What makes HGH illegal

A

Taking HGH without perscription

69
Q

When can HGH be prescribed

A

those with severe growth issues

70
Q

Why do you sweat during exercise

A

your body temp increases

71
Q

How can body sweat negatively affect you

A

losing water from the body cause dehydration

72
Q

What does the hypothalamus do when you’re dehydrated

A

stimulates pituitary to release ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

73
Q

Where does the ADH target during dehydration

A

it targets the kidneys

74
Q

What does ADH do

A

it helps retain water instead of releasing it as wastes

75
Q

Whens adrenaline released

A

In times of great stress or “fight or flight” situations

76
Q

What’s adrenalines target tissue

A

vital organs like the liver and heart

77
Q

How does pituitary control the thyroid gland

A

it creates TSH and stimulates the thyroid (thyroid stimulating hormone)

78
Q

What are hormones secreted by the thyroid

A

T4 (metabolism), T3 (growth, development, metabolism & HR), and calcitonin (calcium)

79
Q

Thyroxine is a hormone produced by

A

the thryroid

80
Q

What thyroxine and thyroid gland help regulate

A

metabolism

81
Q

How does the thyroxine and thyroid help cells

A

stimulating cells to become more active

82
Q

Low thyroxine causes the hypothalamus to release

A

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)

83
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

under active thyroid

84
Q

Causes of Hypothyroidism

A

No enough iodine

84
Q

SX of Hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, fast HR, warm skin, tremors, restlessness

84
Q

Things that can potentially reverse Hypothyroidism

A

seafood, eggs, raw dairy

84
Q

SX of Hypothyroidism

A

slow metabolism, sluggish feeling, weight gain, etc.

84
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

overactive thyroid

85
Q

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

A

autoimmune diseases like graves disease, hyper functioning thyroid nodules, or cancer

86
Q

Nodules are common and most are

A

harmless

87
Q

Parathyroid

A

tiny glands located on the thyroid

88
Q

The parathyroid raises

A

calcium levels in the blood

89
Q

Calcium is needed for your

A

bones, heart, kidneys, and nervous system

90
Q

What is Hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugars

91
Q

What is diabetes

A

a class of diseases characterized by high blood sugar

92
Q

When the blood sugars are high what happenes

A

the pancreas secretes insulin, lowering your sugar in the blood

93
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

the pancreas doesn’t produce insulin due to defects

94
Q

What happens when the body can’t produce insulin

A

The body’s immune system attacks the insulin producing cells of the pancreas

95
Q

Tx for type 1 diabetes

A

insulin injections or other medications

96
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

genetic or related to obesity

97
Q

What happens with type 2 diabetes

A

muscles and organs resist insulin, and don’t react to it in the body

98
Q

Tx for type 2 diabetes

A

diet, exercise, medications, weight loss

99
Q

5 things endocrinologist help treat

A

short statue, late puberty, gigantism, hyper and hypothyroidism and more

100
Q

negative feedback (extra)

A

usually hormones released and the body can’t have too much, it has to maintain a balance (hypothalamus tell it to slow down or stops)

101
Q

EMERGENCY GLAND (IMPORTANT)

A

Adrenal gland

102
Q

what age range does type 1 diabetes usually have

A

it tends to be in younger ages

103
Q

how can you prevent type 1 diabetes

A

you cannot prevent type 1, type 2, though, its exercise, diet, etc.

104
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic) function

A

stimulates growth and secretion of the cortex of the adrenal gland

105
Q

TSH (thyrotropin) function

A

stimulates growth and secretion of the thyroid gland

106
Q

GH (growth hormones)

A

Stimulates normal body growth

107
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

Stimulates growth hormone production in the ovaries and production of sperm in male

108
Q

LH (lutenizing) -female
ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating) -male (less important)

A

Stimulates ovulation and secretion of progesterone
Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

109
Q

Prolactin (LTH)

A

stimulates milk production after delivering and infant

110
Q

MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

A

Stimulates the production and dispersion of melanin pigment

111
Q

ADH (vasopressin)

A

Antidiuretic hormones and promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys

112
Q

Oxytocin

A

contraction of the uterus during childbirth, stimulates milk flow

113
Q

Thyroxine

A

Increases metabolism rates

114
Q

Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)

A

Increases absorption of calcium

115
Q

PTH (parathormone)

A

Regulates calcium and phosphate in the blood

116
Q

Mineralocorticoids aldosterone (less important)

A

regulate sodium in the kidneys, eliminate potassium

117
Q

Glucocorticoid cortisol (less important)

A

aids in metabolism of protein fats and carbohydrates

118
Q

Estrogen

A

Stimulate female sex characteristics

119
Q

Androgen

A

Stimulate male sex characteristics in a women

120
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Activate in time of stress to increase cardiac output and increase blood pressure

121
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Activate body in a stress situation

122
Q

Insulin

A

Used in metabolism of glucose to promote blood sugar

123
Q

Glucagon

A

Maintains blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver

124
Q

Progesterone

A

Maintaining a fertilized egg and lining of the uterus

125
Q

Testosterone

A

Stimulates the making of sperm and male sex characteristics

126
Q

Thymosin (thymopoietin) (less important)

A

stimulates production of lymphocytes and antibiotics

127
Q

exocrine

A

ducts, external sections

128
Q

endocrine

A

ductless to secrete hormones to the bloodstream

Academic flashcards (nursing) (1 decks)

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