Editable Additional

Question 1

What criticisms does Bill Luckin launch against Grove?

Answer 1

In addition, Grove has become over-attached to a single, seductive idea - the sparsely populated island as an environmental and cultural laboratory in which experiments could be conducted, and lessons learnt, about how to live more rationally and holistically with nature. By concentrating so intensively on paradisal isolation, Grove has underplayed the impact of hurly- burly European urbanism on the social and cultural production of a scientific world-view that was indisputably defining itself as ‘environmental

Question 2

What did Jerome Nriagu add in 1983?

Answer 2

Claimed Rome fell due to lead piping - lead poisoning

Question 3

What do Mahrane, Fenzi and Bonneuil charge about the transition from nature to biosphere?

Answer 3

1945-1973 saw seven critical shifts:

• Rise of multilateralism
• Pressure on resources for CW conflict
• US ascension to global predominance, with own vision on nature
• International movements - IUCN vs UNSCCUR
• Decolonisation (Part of US CW agenda)
• Criticism of Fordism
• The generation of evidence through science and technology affirming the principles of science and technology.

Question 4

What did the International Biological Programme, 1964-74 do?

Answer 4

Institutionalised and internationalised new ecology and the ecosystem - based on a view of nature as a machine and in terms of cybernetics, building on the success of the International Geophysical Year.

Question 5

What tore apart the IUCN?

Answer 5

Divisions between the conservationists and preservationists. International Union for the Protection of Nature was a response to the hegemony of the United Nations Scientific Commission on the Conservation and Utilisation of Resources. Backed by Huxley and UNESCO.
Held its own conference known as the International Technical Conference on the Protection of Nature (ITCPN) @ same time. Criticised DDT and the Tanganyika groundnut scheme - which permanently depleted the soil.

Question 6

By how much had the military industrial complex expanded the productive capacity of the United States?

Answer 6

Quadrupled GNP

Now accounted for 60% of global production

Question 7

What sort of language and methods did Vogt employ?

Answer 7

‘Earth company’
‘Day of Judgement’
Population curves of resources and population - diverging
‘Carrying capacity’ ‘maximum sustained yield’ ‘climax’
Described as ‘catastrophe empiricism’

Question 8

How many books did Osborn and Vogt sell worldwide?

Answer 8

20-30m

Question 9

What language did Osborn use?

Answer 9

‘Final Crisis’
Fear of WWIII
‘Geological force’