EDA Flashcards
What is the primary goal of statistics?
To collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data
The origin of the term “Statistics”
Latin
What does “Statistics” mean?
State
During which century did the term “Statistics” become popular?
18th century
What does engineer primarily do?
Improve products and systems
What guides the work of an engineer?
Sound engineering judgement
When faced with questions beyond theory and experience, what must an engineer do?
Independently gather and interpret data
Why is it important for engineers to have training in data collection and analysis?
To avoid wasting time and resources
What is the goal of engineering statistics?
To provide concepts and methods for gathering and interpreting data
What are the types of statistical studies mentioned?
Experimental and Observational
What is the primary difference between observational and experimental studies?
Experimental studies provide stronger causality inferences
Why are experiments often more efficient for collecting engineering data?
They manipulate process variables
What are lurking variables?
Variables that govern both process performance and observed circumstances
What strengthens the inference of causality in experiments?
Manipulation of variables by the investigator
Which type of engineering studies is most common?
Analytical
What is an example of an enumerative study?
Acceptance Sampling
What is the purpose of Acceptance Sampling?
To determine the acceptability of incoming lots
Which end of the continuum provides the most efficient and reliable ways to collect engineering data?
Experimental end
Why is it easier to infer causality from experiments?
Because experiments manipulate variables purposefully
What is the primary goal of observational studies?
To passively observe system behavior
What is the primary challenge with observational studies?
They lack efficiency in data collection
What is the main focus of analytical engineering studies?
Understanding and manipulating engineering systems
What is the significance of understanding basic statistical terminology for engineers?
To effectively communicate and analyze data
Why do engineers need statistical tools?
To efficiently acquire and process empirical information
What is the role of sound engineering judgement in statistical analysis?
It guides the interpretation of data
What term refers to data documented by the primary source
Primary Data
What type of question does not include response categories?
Open-Ended
What method of data collection involves direct human intervention?
Experiment
What are the individuals who answer questions in a survey called?
Respondents
When data is collected from a sample of people from a population, what is it called?
Survey
What aspect of surveys can affect data reliability?
Survey Process
What type of questionnaire involves face-to-face interaction with the interviewer
Interview-based
What method of data collection involves recording observations as they happen?
Observation Method
What type of question includes a list of response categories?
Closed-ended
What term refers to the truthfulness or accuracy of data?
Reliability or Veracity
What type of question provides only two alternative answers?
Two-way Question
Which type of question allows respondents to choose as many response as apply to them?
Checklist Question
In which type of question do respondents rank categories from highest to lowest?
Ranking Question
Which type of questions presents a graded scale to measure the intensity of attitude?
Rating Scale Question
What type of question squeezes multiple questions into a table format?
Matrix Question
Which method of data collection involves selecting subjects who are conveniently obtained?
Convenience Sampling
In which method of data collection are subjects asked to volunteer to provide data?
Gathering volunteers
What type of sample is taken from a population where each subject has an equal chance of being selected?
Simple Random Sample
If a researcher divides a population into group based on characteristics like sex or region, then performs a random sample from each group, what method is being used?
Stratified Random Sampling
Which type of variable can be numeric and ordered or ranked?
Ordinal Variables
What type of quantitative variable can assume any numerical value between two specific values?
Continuous Variable
A quantitative variable that can only take on specific, countable values is called
Discrete Variable
What is the organization of raw data in table form using classes and frequencies called?
Frequency Distribution
Which type of frequency distribution is used for data that can be placed in specific categories?
Categorical Frequency Distribution
If a frequency distribution is needed for a quantitative variable with a large range of values, what type of distribution is used?
Group Frequency Distribution
What type of graph displays data using contiguous vertical bars to represent frequencies?
Histogram
In a frequency polygon, what are the points plotted for the frequencies?
Midpoints of the classes
Which graph represents cumulative frequencies for classes in a frequency distribution?
Ogive
Which graph is used to represent data with vertical or horizontal bars for qualitative data?
Bar graph
Data in their original form
Raw Data
The number of data values contained in a specific class
Class
The group of all subjects under study is called
Population
What graph should be used to show the relationship between the parts and the whole
Pie Graph
Data such as blood types (A,B,AB,O) can be organized into a (blank) frequency distribution
Categorical
Summary measure describing a specific characteristic of a population
Parameter
Data collected over a period of time can be graphed using a (blank) graph
Time Series
The number of ads on a one-hour television show is what type of data?
Quantitative
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
Probability is used as a basis for inferential statistic
True
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
In the construction of a frequency distrubition, it is a good idea to have overlapping class limits, such as 10-20, 20-30, 30-40
False
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
The heights of the mountains in the state of Alaska are an example of a variable
True
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
When the population of college professors is divided into groups of according to their rank (instructor, assistant professor, etc.) and then several are selected from each group to make up a sample, the sample is called cluster sample
True
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
The variable temperature is an example of quantitative variable
True
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
Histograms can be drawn by using vertical or horizontal bars
False
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
The height of basketball players is considered a continuous variable
True
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
Frequency distributions can aid the researcher in drawing charts and graphs
True
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
In construction of a frequency polygon, the class limits are used for the x axis
False
IDENTIFY WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE
Data collected over a period of time can be graphed by using a pie graph
False