Ectoparasiticides Flashcards
Acaricide
kills ticks/mites
pesticide synergist
An agent that acts with or enhances the activity or another
Not pesticides themselves, but slow down metabolism of active pesticide
Piperonyl butoxide
Insect Development Inhibitors (IDI)
Chitin synthesis inhibitors (chitin in insect exoskeleton)
Lufenuron, Cyromazine
Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)
Juvenile hormone analogs (make larvae stay in larva stage)
Methoprene, Pyriproxyfen
Compounds affecting growth and development
Insect Development Inhibitors (IDI), Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)
Modes of administration
* Topical
* Often combined with adulticide in small animals
* Oral feed - through preparations in large animals
* Environmental use
Usually effective in small amounts, may persist for weeks
Low vertebrate toxicity
In veterinary medicine usually used for fleas (small animals) and flies (large animals)
Pyrethrins
Plant products (botanical)
Found in lots of OTC preparations
Short-acting because quickly metabolized by light
Generally insecticidal and acaricidal
Mode of action
* Increased permeability of neuronal membranes for sodium ions
* Leads to hyperexcitability and death
* Quick knockdown – effect occurs rapidly
* Repellent activity
Often used with synergists
Method of application
* Topical,not much absorbed but can be licked off (true of all topical products)
* Sprays, dusts, shampoos, environmental
Pyrethroids
Synthetic pyrethrins-like compounds
More persistent in environment
Same mode of action and effects (Increased permeability of neuronal membranes for sodium ions =Leads to hyperexcitability and death
Same spectrum: insecticidal and acaricidal
Repellent action
5 generations, end in -THRIN
SOME ARE LETHAL FOR CATS
K9 advantix
Organophosphates, Carbamates
Widely used in the past, now fewer and fewer because of safety issues
Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, results in persistent depolarization of membrane
Insecticidal, acaricidal
Never use both and OP and a carbamate
Still used in environemnt
Macrocyclic Lactones
Called “endectocides” (Activity against internal and external parasites)
Mode of action
* Bind to glutamate gated chloride channels leading to hyperpolarization of nerves and muscles
* Multiple effects in muscles: paralysis of muscles, affects parasite reproduction
* Some products have persistent activity, affected by formulation and administration route
Insecticidal and acaricidal depending on drug, formulation, and parasite
Mode of administration
* Oral, spot-ons, pour-ons, injection, feed additives
* Topical formulations usually best ones for ectoparasites
* Topical ones are absorbed and become systemic
ivermectin, end in -ectin
Neonicotinoids
Imidacloprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran
Spectrum of action
* Insecticide; not acaricide
* In veterinary medicine, mostly used for fleas
Mode of action
* Binds to acetylcholine receptors in insects
* Persistence: depends on compound and formulation
Method of administration: topical mostly, some oral
Kill bees :(
Spinosyns
Spinosad, spinetoram
Activate acetylcholine receptor but bind to a different location than neonicotinoids
Insecticidal activity, some acaricidal
Used in small animals for fleas
Low toxicity
Topical and oral
Phenylpyrazoles
Only 1 - fipronil
Spectrum - insecticide, acaricide
Mode of action
* Binds to GABA receptors, limited effect in mammals
* Rabbits and fish more susceptible - don’t use in these species
Topical administration
Lipophilic, taken up in hair follicles, sebaceous glands, released back onto surface over time
Isoxazolines
Afoxolaner, Fluralaner (Bravecto), Sarolaner (Simparica), Lotilaner
Insecticidal and acaricidal
Highly effective products
Mode of action
* Binds to GABA and glutamate gated chloride channels receptors
* Specific to arthropods, like other newer groups
Oral and some topical - topical formulations are absorbed
“Eat to kill” products
* Will they prevent disease transmission?
* As a group, studies showed prevented Babesia, Borrelia
* One study - not entirely successfully with Ehrlichia
Small animal products only at this time
-LANER
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (Organochlorines)
DDT
carcinogenic, bad for environment, kills animals
