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Ectoparasite Control in SA Flashcards

1
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

1a) What are the stages of the flea lifecycle?
b) What are the % of fleas on the animal and in the environment?

A

a) Adult flea, Eggs, Larvae, pupae
Adult lay a lot of eggs - need to get rid of reservoir to avoid re-infection again
b) 95% actually in environment and 5% on animal

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2
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

2) What type of disease common in SA require strict flea control?

A

2) Flea allergy dermatitis

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3
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

3) What are the 3 objectives of flea control?

A

3)

  1. Kill fleas in the hair coat
  2. Protect against re-infection
  3. Eliminate the environment reservoir + prevent subsequent generations

(takes 36 hours after taking a blood meal from a cat to lay eggs)

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4
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

4) What are the two different control products used against fleas?

A

4)
1. Adulticide
Target: against ADULT FLEAS in haircoat
2. Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) and Insect Development Inhibitor (IDI)
Target: against the IMMATURE STAGES in carpet/refuge - eggs - HALTS CYCLE

(vacuum cleaner can also get rid of immature stages)

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5
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

5) How do the IGR/IDI and adulticides work together?

A
  • IGR and IDI kill the immature stages on emergence and the population in the environment is not replaced due to the adulticide effects
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6
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

6) What are the traditional insecticides?

A
  • Organophosphates
  • Organochlorides
  • Carbamates
  • Pyrethroids
  • other botanical products
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7
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

7) What are the newer insecticides?

A

These are Adulticides -

  • Imidacloprid/Nitenpyram/Dinotefuran
  • Fipronil/Pyriprole
  • Selamectin
  • Spinosad
  • Newer products
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8
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

8) Why are the newer Adulticides used instead of the the traditional ones?

A

They are safer, easier to use, better persistence and better efficacy

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9
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

9a) What is in Comfortis and name its actions?
b) What is Comfortis’ target and who is it licensed for?
c) What is the mode of administration?
d) How long does it take to work and what is its persistence?
e) What are the precautions and potential s/e?

A

a) Spinosad - tetracyclic macrolide - targets nACH receptor (post-syn membrane)
b) Fleas and for Cats + Dogs
c) Oral (great for swimming and thick coated dogs)
d) Rapid kill - (80-100% @ 4 hours) and 3-4 weeks
e) Do not give with Ivermectin
S/e - vomiting

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10
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

10a) What is in Certifect (Frontline combo)?
b) What is Certifect’ target and who is it licensed for?
c) What is the mode of administration?
d) What have been common complaints about this product?

A

a) Fipronil (adulticide), methoprene (IGR), amitraz
b) Fleas, ticks, Trichodectes canis (Canine chewing louse)
Dogs (not cat/rabbit)
c) Spot-on (q 4 weeks)
d) Resistance in population - in particular with Fipronil

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11
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

11a) What is in Activyl and name its actions?
b) What is Activyl’s target and who is it licensed for?
c) What is the mode of administration?
d) How long does it take to work?

A

a) Indoxacarb - Na channel blocker - bio-activation - affects inside the flea - esterase and amidase
b) Fleas
c) Spot-on q 4weeks
d) >90% activity within 8 weeks
Used in crop protection

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12
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

12a) What is in Activyl Tick plus + what ?
b) What is Activyl Tick plus’ target and who is it licensed for?

A

a) Indoxacarb + permethrin
Indoxacarb - bio-activation (Esterase and Amidase)
b) Fleas + ticks, Ixodes (Birds)/ Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor/Amblyomma - exotic

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13
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

13) What is Activyl concurrently used with?

A
  • Used with ‘Scalibor’
  • 4% deltamethrin-impregnanted collar
  • q 6 months
  • Dogs
  • Target: sandflies (Leishmania), mosquitos, ticks
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14
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

14a) What is Insecticide resistance?
b) How has it been achieved?

A

a) Development of an ability of strain of an organism to tolerate doses of an intoxicant usually lethal to majority of individuals in normal pop
b) detoxification and target site modification

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15
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

15a) What are some examples of IGR- what are their mode of actions?

A

a) Cyromazine - household spray
Pyriproxifen - on animal, household spray
Methoprene - on animal, household spray (also in Frontline combo)

Action = Juvenile hormone analogues - disrupt growth in immature insects

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16
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

16a) What is an example of IDI - What is its mode of action?

A

a) Lufenuron - orally for dogs, Program inj and orally for cats
Action = Chitin beak inhibitor - stops fertile eggs - stops fleas getting out - however does not affect adult fleas

17
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

17) What is the Pupal window effect in regards to insecticides and fleas?

A
  • Eggs are sticky- not as affected by Adulticide + IGR/IDI

- Time delay where allergy patients become pruritic - need steriods

18
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

18) What are the oral treatments just for fleas?

A
  1. Nitenpyram (Capstar) for D + C
    Use - for feral cats in for spays - 15mins action but no persistence
  2. Spinosad (Comfortis)
19
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

19) What are the oral treatments for fleas and ticks?

A

DOGS

  1. Afoxolaner (NexGard) - 5 weeks for fleas, 4 weeks for ticks
  2. Fluralaner (Bravecto) - 12 week for fleas, 8-12weeks for ticks
20
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

20) What sprays are used for flea tx?

A

Fipronil (Frontline, Effipro)
CATS + DOGS
For lice/ticks too
4 week activity - very common to underdose

21
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

21) What are the spot-on treatments just for fleas?

A
  1. Indoxacarb (Activyl) D + C
  2. Imidacloprid (Advantage) D + C + R - efficacy reduced by wetting- not for swimming pets/ on concurrent shampoo tx for skin allergy
22
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

22) What are the spot-on treatments for fleas/ticks?

A
  1. Fipronil (Frontline, Effipro) D + C <4 week activity
  2. Pyriprole (Prac-tic) - D only - ticks
  3. Imidacloprid/Permethrin (Advantix) - Dog only
  4. Dinotefuran/Permethrin/Pyriproxyfen (Vectra 3D)
  5. Fipronil + Methoprene (Frontline Combo) - extended ovicidal activity
23
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

23) Why are Permethrin products not used in cats?

A

Permethrin is toxic to cats - causes neuro signs and potential death

24
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

24) What spot ons used on both Endo and Ectoparasites (Endectocides)?

A

-Selamectin (Stronghold (UK), Revolution (rest of world)) - D + C - Systemic
USE: sarcoptic mange from foxes in contact with pet dogs

  • Imidacloprid/ Moxidectin (Advocate)- D + C
    USE: systemic/topical
    Moxicdectin - acaricidal effect
25
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

25) What does Acaricides need to treat against?

A

Ticks/Mites
Eg. Sarcoptes, Ticks, Demodex

(Cats uncommonly have heavy infestations of ticks)

26
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

26) What is used to treat Sarcoptes (Sarcoptic mange)?

A
  1. Selamectin (Stronghold/Revolution) x2 q 28days
  2. Imidacloprid/Moxidectin (Advocate) x2 q 28days
  3. Amitraz (Aludex) washes - weekly 2-6 txs

Non-licensed: Ivermectin
Clipped initially

27
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

27) What is used to treat demodicosis?

A
  1. Amitraz washes - weekly for 8-16 txs
  2. Amitraz + metaflumizone (Promeris Duo) monthly spot on
  3. Imidacloprid/Moxidectin - poor efficacy - q 7d - more for preventative - stop relapsing

Non-licensed - Ivermectin (NOT IN COLLIES), milbemycin daily for months

28
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

28) What is used to treat ticks?

A
  1. Fipronil spray/spot on - D+C
  2. Imidacloprid/Permethrin spot on
  3. Indoxacarb/Permethrin spot on
  4. Dinotefuran/Permethrin spot on
29
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

29) What is the Seresto collar used to treat?

A 
Used in both C +D
Imidacloprid + flumethrin 
cat: fleas + ticks for 7/8months
dogs: fleas/biting lice/ticks for 7/8 months
(only 5month activity with wetting)
30
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

30) Trial tx recommended for these cases but what other differential ddx could it be if not positive response?

A

Scabies
Flea-related dermatitis
Pyoderma
Malassezia dermatitis

31
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

31) What can be combined with Amitraz washes to treat ticks in dogs?

A

Fipronil and deltamethrin collars

32
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

32) What type of chemicals are Fipronil/pyriprole?

A

Phenylpyrazole insecticides - target GABA-gated chloride channel in the insect CNS

33
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

33) What type of chemicals are Imidacloprid/Nitenpyram/dinotefuran?

A

Neonicotinoid insectides- target insects nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

34
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

34) What type of chemical is selamectin?

A

Semi-synthetic avermectin

35
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

35) Is treatment required for localised demodicosis?

A
  • Don’t need to treat young dogs- should heal spontaneously
  • TX: Benzoyl peroxide shampoo or gel

Could become generalised

36
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

36) Is localised or generalised demodicosis more serious?

A

Generalised D more difficult - needs more aggressive tx -
1. Clip affected areas
2. Amitraz washes - dip 7 days apart - continued 10weeks
(Check TX success - skin scrapings checking for live mites)
3. Spot ons: Advocate (Imidacloprid/moxidectin) and Promeris Duo (metaflumizone plus Amitraz)

37
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

37) Why are sometimes prewash recommended before Amitraz tx?

A

Helps degrease/descale skin

Decreases efficacy potentially of spot ons that rely on skin lipids for absorption/distribution

38
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

38) What is the treatment for otodectic mange?

A
  1. Topical otic acaricidal preparations Eg. Surolan, Canaural - 2-3 weeks
  2. Selamectin (Stronghold) and moxidectin (Advocate) - spot on
  3. Cerminolytics - heavy discharge
39
Q

Ectoparasite Control in SA:

39) What is the treatment for harvest mite infestions?

A
  1. Fipronil Spray once monthly, feet + ventrum
    Dogs: Permethrin/pyriproxyfen spot-on/spray
    Cats: Selamectin monthly

Skin (6 decks)

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