Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Political Ecology > Ecotourism > Flashcards

Ecotourism Flashcards

1
Q

UNWTO, 2018

A

International tourist arrivals were up by 7% in 2017 reaching a total of 1.3 billion individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bottrill, 1995

A

Define ecotourism as “nature-based tourism that does not result in the social, environmental or economic negatives often associated with mass tourism”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bramwell and Lane (2005)

A

Offers poorer countries in the GS an opportunity to generate profit, diversify their economies, all whilst protecting their local rich biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Honey, 2002

A

Ecotourism is widely adopted

By the mid 1990s the USAID had 105 projects totalling $2bn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Brockington et al. 2008 say ecotourism was portrayed as?

A

A magical bullet capable of hitting multiple targets at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Orams, 1995

A

Ecotourism is very difficult to define - having a large spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mowforth and Munt (2003)

A

“Win-win-win” - people, tourists and nature
Pro-poor
Conservation as SELF-FINANCING and supporting local livelihoods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Wallace and Pierce, 1996

A

Direct economic benefits
Complement existing practices (such as fishing and farming) allowing for diversification
This provides resilience should any industry suffer a reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline the theory of ecotourism

A

Local communities should be directly involved, participating in management and development
The money made, should act as an incentive to not destroy nature, and as an alternative to negative activities such as poaching
This works by basic economic theory whereby if maintaining attractive landscapes (through things such as footpaths) is essential for business to operate then it will be protected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does ecotourism go against or with fortress conservation?

A

Against in that it encourages human non-human interaction

BUT money from it can often be put towards fortress conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is ecotourism on a spectrum? (W. Reference)

A

Part of a BLUE-GREEN conservation effort - environment values within existing social, economic and political spectrums
Miller, 2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is ecotourism neoliberal?

A

It is a market-based approach, and it is often run by private sectors
But not inherently neoliberal as it existed before the neoliberal turn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of studies who advocate ecotourism

A

Adams and Hulme, 2001; Salafsky et al., 2001; Boo, 1992

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lindsey et al. 2007

A

Serengeti national park got $6million from entry fees, which can be reinvested into conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Zambrano et al. (2010)

A

Lava Rios Eco-Lodge, Osa Peninsula Costa Rica
Interdisciplinary approach - interviews and remote sensing
Found that lodge has made substantial contributions to both local livelihoods and environmental conservation, including the highest rates of reforestation of all areas in the Osa Peninsula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Salafsky et al. 2001

A

Review of community enterprise projects in Asia
Found that in areas where modest changes were required to meet targets (such as preserving a small important migration corridor) ecotourism could help provide the needed economic incentive and work to preserve biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Moscardo et al. (1996)

A

Ecotourism is a market based approach - therefore competes for business and conservation is not its primary goal
This study interviewed ecotourism lodge owners in Amazonas, Brazil found that profit was their primary motive - conservation and community development as secondary considerations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neves-Graca, 2004

A

Azores
Boats used for whale watching emit high-pitched underwater sounds which disrupt whales sonar
Especially problematic for tourists who arrive whilst whales are sleeping or breast-feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Duffy, 2002

A

Belize

Dredging to create sandy beaches for tourists has been detrimental for aquatic habitats and wildlife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Kreg et al. (2003)

A

Controlled burning, clearing of vegetation, artificial water points etc. Have led to ecological changes and decreased resiliency in tourism-oriented projected areas and game ranges in KwaZulu-Natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Quote on the effects of infrastructure

A

The effects of establishing a small-scale hotel or food outlet in a remote location can have the same impact as building a Hilton in a large town or city (Duffy, 2002)

22
Q

Aylward, 2003

A

Kawzulu-Natal Province, South Africa
None of the private game ranches, which averaged 4000km2, were large enough to maintain viable populations of buffalos, lions, elephants, hippos or African wild dogs

23
Q

Carrier and Macleod, 2005

A

Ecotourism bubble
Based on Marxist theory of commodity fetishism (1867)
That commodities created in capitalist systems have the context of their creation destroyed
Here exists in the fact that ecotourism relies very heavily on air travel - which is a huge contributor to climate change - and yet the locals are often portrayed as the threat to nature, and ecotourists as its saviour

24
Q

Why is the presentation of ecotourism as a “win-win-win” particularly damaging?

A

Because if people think things are “being-done” then it may prevent the call for action for necessary hard conservation policies being implemented (Duffy, 2002)

25
Q

Outline the positive development impacts (2)

A

1) Active pathways e.g. jobs - main benefit is income - ecotourism is recognised as a major provider of employment, especially in remote areas where there are few other opportunities (Duffy, 2002) - the monetary value though hard to quantify has been recognised as making a significant contribution to household finances (Pattullo, 2005)
2) Passive pathways e.g. revenue sharing, and infrastructure

26
Q

Reid, 2003

A

Ecotourism can be seen as economic imposition on poorer states
Part of wider globalisation movement to provide economic benefit for private, foreign companies
Leads to elite capture and local exclusion

27
Q

Duffy, 2002 (on economic imposition)

A

Ecotourism fits into the neoliberal free-market and is favoured by those who lend money e.g. world bank
It does not challenge current development paradigms and thus acts as an opportunity for hegemonic powers to legitimise a switch to free-market policies in the GS

28
Q

Spenceley, 2008

A

Tanzania
Partnership between ecotourist businesses and local people often replicates problems of mass tourism
Elite capture and locals just left with menial labour

29
Q

Boo, 1990

A

Positives that do occur are felt on very small spatial scales as schemes are remote and locally owned
Fail to help regional or national development

30
Q

Uneven distribution within the community

A

Sandbrook and Adams, 2012

Benefits are skewed by many factors such as gender (Sinclair, 1997), Education (Leon, 2007), wealth (Blake et al., 2008)

31
Q

Belsky, 1999

A

Study of intra-community impacts
Gales Point Manatee, Belize (1992-1998|)
Politics of class, gender and patronage inequities
E.g. class - those running the B&B versus those not - only those directly involved felt they were benefitting - then conflict - other people would refuse to pay the electricity as this supported greedy tourists
While there were benefits only a few households who were directly engaged benefitted
But didn’t argue against ecotourism! “We do not argue that CBNRM should be abandoned, the lesson is that analysis must move beyond over simplification of community”
Also ideological imposition - thought that tourists would convey a conservation ethic, but instead the locals felt like they were always making religious confessions

32
Q

Barrow and Muphree, 2002

A

Communities are not homogenous units that need to be intervened in and developed

33
Q

Outline ideological imposition

A

Ecotourism is not just an economic imposition but an ideological one based on a preservationist view or nature
Exclusionary e.g. Swidden, pastoralism and hunting - privileges non-consumptive uses

34
Q

Buscher et al. (2012)

A

Ecotourism is a form of green-washing

35
Q

Debord, 1967

A

Not selling reality but “derivative nature”

The idea of spectacle - the mediation of relationships between people and the environment by images

36
Q

MacCannell (1973)

A

Staged authenticity

37
Q

Nelson, 2008

A

Tourism is thus both an opportunity and a threat for rural communities
Tourism increases the incentives for other, usually more powerful actors to encroach on and appropriate local lands and resources
But it also creates the opportunities that rural people need to diversify their livelihoods and generate economic and political capital to support themselves in the long run

38
Q

Ashok et al. (2017)

A

Development an assessment process to evaluate the sustainability of ecotourism using a pilot study in Kanchendzonga National Park, India
Based off a combination of previous literature, participatory workshops, and expert elicitation
4 principles, 8 criteria, and 58 indicators were developed as a framework of analysis for assessing sustainability

39
Q

Wilkinson, 1992

A

It is clear that tourism will not disappear so the issue is not whether tourism is beneficial or not, but how it can be carried out in a more environmentally, socially and culturally sensitive manner

40
Q

Kiss, 2004

A

The best conservation strategy for any given site must be developed based on a realistic, hardheaded assessment of the options, including their feasibility, cost-effectiveness, social impacts and sustainability
Financial and technical resources are too scarce to waste on wishful thinking

41
Q

Baker et al. (2012)

A

Bwindi National Park established in 1991
Extensively degraded during 70s and 80s
Considerable conflict after park was opened therefore now using integrated conservation and development - incentives for locals not punishments
Has half the world population of mountain gorillas (out of 880)
Tourists pay $600 US per day to visit gorillas for 1 hour in groups of 8 (it is $1500 in Rwanda) - $20 goes to local community, the rest to Uganda Wildlife Authority for park costs
many rules
Viewed as iconic example

42
Q

How much money does Bwindi generate?

A

Several million dollars per annum

43
Q

Gary et al. (2013)

A

Population of mountain gorillas has increased steadily for over 20 years

44
Q

Ahebwa et al. (2012)

A

Good evidence of development benefits
Lots of employment
Funded schools, hospitals, roads

45
Q

Igoe and Brockington (2007)

A

Bwindi is a win to the power of 7 - benefitting many different people

46
Q

Sandbrook and Semple (2008)

A

Most tourists are international - resulting in huge carbon emissions
High risk of disease transmission to gorillas as people don’t obey rules

47
Q

Adams and Infield (2003)

A

Unequal distribution of benefits

Leakage and elite capture - >75% is lost through leakage (but retained revenue still 4 times other sources)

48
Q

Sandbrook and Adams, 2012

A

Unequal distribution within communities

Most benefits go to young, male, well-educated and already well-off

49
Q

Laudati, 2010

A

Other negatives

Dependency, increasing prices in local markets, cultural impacts, diseases

50
Q

Tumusiime and Svarstad, 2011

A

The reality at Bwindi is somewhere between the contradictory narratives of success and failure

Political Ecology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions