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Exam technique q's bio module 6 > Ecosystems, populations + sustainability > Flashcards

Ecosystems, populations + sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

What methods can be used to sample all stages of succession in a habitat?

A

Use a belt transect and stratified sampling, randomly selecting quadrat sites within each area or placing the quadrat down at predetermined intervals along the transect.

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2
Q

What tools can be used for catching bugs?

A

Pooters, sweep nets, pitfall traps, light traps, and/or tree-beating.

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3
Q

Where is Rhizobium found and what does it produce?

A

Rhizobium is found in the root nodules of leguminous plants and produces NH3 from N2 and H+.

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4
Q

What type of reaction does Rhizobium perform?

A

It performs a reduction reaction.

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5
Q

What does Nitrosomonas convert and how?

A

Nitrosomonas reacts ammonium ions (NH4+) to form nitrites (NO2-) via oxidation.

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6
Q

What does Nitrobacter convert and how?

A

Nitrobacter reacts nitrites (NO2-) to form nitrates (NO3-) via oxidation.

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7
Q

What do denitrifying bacteria do?

A

They react nitrates (NO3-) to form nitrogen gas via reduction.

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8
Q

What role does leghaemoglobin play in nitrogen fixation?

A

It improves the performance of the nitrogenase enzyme by removing excess oxygen and CO to reduce enzyme inhibition.

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9
Q

What factors can cause a species’ population to decrease?

A

Reduction in habitat size, decrease in prey population, appearance of new diseases or parasites, increase in predator population, and competition from new species.

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10
Q

Why is it important to maintain a viable wild population of crop plant species?

A

The wild population acts as a genetic resource, providing genetic variation and traits for future crop requirements.

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11
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is all the living organisms and nonliving components in a habitat and their interactions.

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12
Q

What do producers do?

A

Producers photosynthesize to fix carbon and convert light energy into chemical energy.

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13
Q

How do consumers derive energy?

A

Consumers derive energy from other organisms via heterotrophic nutrition.

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14
Q

What are trophic levels?

A

Trophic levels are stages or positions in a food chain or web.

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15
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Primary succession is when a previously uncolonized area is colonized by a pioneer species, progressing to a climax community.

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16
Q

What role do pioneer plants play in succession?

A

They stabilize the environment, cause soil development, and release nutrients when they die.

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17
Q

What can cause deflected succession?

A

Grazing, burning, mowing, application of fertilizer, selective herbicide, and exposure to wind.

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18
Q

How does biomass change during primary succession?

A

Biomass increases over time as plants at later stages are larger than those in early stages.

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19
Q

Why is energy not always converted into growth in producers?

A

Energy may be reflected, absorbed by non-photosynthetic parts, or lost as heat.

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20
Q

What are two examples of decomposers?

A

Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas.

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21
Q

How is energy transferred between primary consumers and decomposers?

A

Through dead remains, excretion of waste products, and moulting.

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22
Q

Why is energy transfer less efficient between producers and primary consumers?

A

Producers have cell walls that are difficult to digest, leading to waste and energy loss.

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23
Q

How can forest ecosystems be managed sustainably for timber production?

A

By allowing similar quantities of timber to be harvested year on year and ensuring proper planting and management practices.

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24
Q

What are the benefits of sustainable timber production?

A

It preserves ecosystems, maintains biodiversity, prevents soil erosion, and reduces machinery disturbance.

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25
What limits population growth in habitats?
Carrying capacity and density-dependent factors like competition and predation.
26
What factors increase the likelihood of species extinction?
Changes in habitat, loss of food sources, and slow reproductive rates.
27
Why should we conserve biological resources like rainforests?
For aesthetic reasons, economic benefits from ecotourism, preserving biodiversity, and supporting indigenous people.
28
What is the importance of rare breed farms?
They provide genetic resources and maintain biodiversity.
29
What factors may prevent a breed/species from being kept commercially?
Small population size, unusual diet, and lack of commercial viability.
30
Why do tropical climates have higher net primary production?
Higher temperatures and longer sunlight hours lead to faster photosynthesis and more biomass formation.
31
Why do woodlands have greater biodiversity than grasslands?
More niches in woodlands reduce competition for space, leading to higher primary productivity.
32
How can the energy content of a primary producer be measured?
Using a bomb calorimeter.
33
What is an ideal animal to farm for biomass production?
A primary consumer, as it reduces energy loss in the food chain.
34
How is plant protein converted into animal protein?
Animals ingest plants, digest the protein into amino acids, which are then used to synthesize animal proteins.
35
Why is nitrifying bacteria significant for plant growth?
They convert nitrates needed for amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll.
36
What happens to soil nitrate concentration over time with repeated cropping?
It decreases as plants use nitrate and less decay occurs after harvesting.
37
How do leguminous plants help maintain soil nitrate levels?
They add nitrate to the soil and can be rotated with other crops.
38
What caused the spread of elm disease?
Beetles acted as vectors, spreading disease among closely growing elm trees.
39
What conditions allow for rapid increase in an animal population?
Plenty of food and space, rapid breeding, few predators, and not reaching carrying capacity.
40
What are the ethical considerations regarding invasive species?
It is unethical to kill them, but also unethical to allow them to harm native species.
41
What are good methods for sampling insects?
Sweep netting, beating trees and bushes, and using a pooter.
42
Why is taking more transects beneficial?
It provides a more representative sample and increases reliability by discounting anomalies.
43
How can plant distribution and abundance be measured?
Using a tape measure for a transect and quadrats to record percentage cover.
44
Why are more females needed in a captive breeding population?
To maintain numbers and prevent inbreeding, as males can father many offspring.
45
Why do bodies not decompose in bogs?
Decomposers are absent due to waterlogging and low pH.
46
What are the consequences of large-scale peat removal?
It damages the habitat and leads to loss of biodiversity.
47
What is a density-dependent factor in predation?
The rate of predation can increase as prey population increases.
48
What happens when a predator is removed from an ecosystem?
It can lead to increased interspecific competition among surviving species.
49
What conditions favor speciation on small isolated islands?
Geographical and reproductive isolation, along with small populations leading to genetic drift.
50
What is the significance of a species' taxonomic group?
A species is not in its own group if closely related species are present in the same group.
51
What human activities threaten species on the Galapagos Islands?
Agriculture, introduced species, tourism, shipping, and over-fishing.
52
What are the economic costs of conserving biodiversity on the Galapagos Islands?
Reduced tourism leads to fewer jobs and business closures.
53
How can animals share adaptations?
Through shared habitat rather than shared ancestry.
54
Why might the triplet code not be an exact multiple of amino acids?
Stop codons are present in the code.
55
What processes contribute to genetic variation in gametes?
Meiosis, mutations, and random fusion of gametes.
56
How do bacteria and fungi decompose leaves?
Via external digestion using enzymes, absorbing breakdown products and releasing carbon dioxide.
57
What happens to plants kept in the dark?
They grow taller due to higher auxin levels causing cell elongation.
58
Why are ecosystems considered dynamic?
The numbers and distribution of plants and animals change over time.
59
What is the effect of removing weeds from a garden?
It stops interspecific competition.
60
What is the effect of removing elm suckers?
It prevents succession.
61
How can farmers maximize energy transfer from primary consumers to humans?
By keeping animals warm, reducing movement, and providing high-protein food.
62
Why are modern botanic gardens important?
They save endangered plants, act as genetic resources, and provide educational value.
63
How does the phylogenetic approach differ from the biological species concept?
It does not require testing for interbreeding and can apply to asexual and extinct organisms.
64
How can fleas on dogs be tested for resistance to flea killers?
By collecting fleas from multiple dogs, dividing them into groups, and testing different dosages.
65
How to test fleas on dogs for resistance to a flea killer?
Use a flea comb to collect over 100 fleas from different dogs. Store them in a container and divide into groups to test different dosages, with one control group. Count live and dead fleas after 2 hours to calculate resistance percentage.
66
What are the requirements for using plantlets in an experiment?
Seedlings must be the same age, height, mass, genotype, and species. The same volume of solution, growth medium, watering regime, light conditions, and temperature must be maintained.
67
What is the purpose of control groups in experiments?
Control groups allow the effect of the treatment to be compared with the results from the experimental groups.
68
What occurs during the lag phase of growth?
There is a slow increase in population size.
69
What occurs during the log phase of growth?
There is an exponential increase in population size.
70
What happens in the stationary phase of growth?
The population levels off.
71
Why is the method of counting elk shot not valid for measuring population size?
The number of elk shot varies independently of population size.
72
Why is reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park considered conservation?
It restores the ecosystem, maintains biodiversity, helps the global wolf population, and manages elk to prevent overgrazing.
73
How to calculate percentage efficiency of biomass transfer between producers and herbivores?
Collect samples of producers and herbivores, measure their dry mass, and calculate energy content using a calorimeter. Use the efficiency equation.
74
What factors limit animal population size?
Food supply, predation, competition, lack of breeding sites, and disease.
75
What are the consequences of clear felling?
It leads to loss of biodiversity, disruption of food chains, and prevents climax communities from forming.
76
What are the benefits of rotational felling?
It supports ecotourism, enhances landscape aesthetics, and promotes local employment and ethical management of the environment.
77
How does vegetative propagation occur in elm trees?
It occurs by root suckers or basal sprouts growing around the stump of the cut-down elm.
78
What is a limitation of vegetative propagation in elm trees?
New trees are genetically identical to the original and susceptible to diseases like Dutch Elm disease.
79
What are biotic stressors for plants on a motorway?
Mowing, impoverished soil communities, and lack of pollinators.
80
What are abiotic stressors for plants on a motorway?
Limited space, poor soil chemistry, pollution, wind, and mud covering leaves.
81
Why might particular genotypes dominate in isolated environments?
If the genotype confers a selective advantage, it can lead to directional selection due to geographic isolation.
82
How can researchers measure grass abundance across different areas?
Lay a tape to form a belt transect and use a point quadrat to estimate percentage cover and species frequency.
83
What causes ecosystems to change over time?
Succession, species migration, extinction, human activity, population fluctuations, natural selection, and disasters.
84
How to measure energy content of producers in grassland?
Collect producers from one square meter, wash, dry at 105 degrees Celsius, and use a bomb calorimeter.
85
When are varieties of an animal considered subspecies?
When they can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
86
How was biological classification done before 1970?
Using DNA nucleotide sequence data and amino acid sequence data.
87
What are biological methods of control?
Using living organisms to control the population of other organisms.
88
What factors contribute to a virus spreading quickly in a population?
Living in large groups and having low herd immunity.
89
What factors may limit the impact of a disease on a population?
Genetic resistance, higher birth rates than death rates, and not reaching carrying capacity.
90
How do fleas affect rabbits?
Fleas act as vectors and parasites, weakening the host and increasing disease risk.
91
How might an invasive species disrupt predator-prey dynamics?
By eating multiple prey types, they may not follow expected population growth patterns.
92
What is the role of antibodies in the blood?
They are used to identify if an immune response has occurred.

Exam technique q's bio module 6 (2 decks)

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