Ecosystems,Biodiversity and Management

Question 1

What Is Biomes?

Answer 1

An ecosystem on a large scale. it makes all of the world’s living things.

Question 2

Biome

1. Where is the Tundra Located?
2. Where is the Tropical rainforest Located?
3. Where is the Temperate Grassland Located?
4. Where is the Tropical Grassland?
5. Where is the Boreal Forest?
6. Where is the Temperate Forest?
7. Where is the Desert?

Answer 2

1. Closest to the Poles.
2. Between 30 degrees latitude North and South mostly closer to the Ocean.
3. To the North or south of 30 lattitude and within the centre of continents.
4. Between 30 latitude North and South mostly within the centre of the continent.
5. Between the Tundra and temperate biomes.
6. To the North or South of 30 lattitude and mostly closer to the ocean.
7. Around the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

Question 3

What is the role of climate factors?

Answer 3

Global Climatic:

Solar insolation- The waves of energy from the sun transferrred to the Earth.

Atmospheric Circulation- Hadley Cells transfer cold air towards the Poles.

Earth’s Axis Tilt- The axis tilt making the seasons which change the climate.

Continentality-Where continent’s are positioned changes

Local:

Alitutde- Temperature drags by 1c for every 1000 metres gain in height. High Moutains in the tropics can have cold temperature ecosystems.

Geology- The characteristics of an ecosystem can change when underlying geology produces different types of soil.

Question 4

What is the Earth’s Sphere?

Answer 4

• The biosphere is made of living organisms.
• The hydrosphere which contains the water on the surface of the earth and the oceans, lakes and mists.
• The liposphere contains the earth’s crust including land forms rocks and soils.
• The atmosphere the thin fragile layer of gases that surounds the earth.

Question 5

Give three ways that modern technology is exploiting the biosphere using three case studies?

Answer 5

• Hamoun Wetlands, Iran. The region is getting hotter and drier and dams are being buildt and which is diverting water from small towns. This causes wetlands to cause to be dried up.
• Biofuel palm Oil Malaysia and Indonesia. Orangutans are being chased and attacked by palm tree oil owners due to the demands on palm oil plantations. Orangutans are in danger of becoming extinct in the next ten years due to deforestation.
• Mining In the Appalachia, West Virginia, USA. The mining compnaies in West Virginia buy up land and destroy mountains for materials. Five hundred mountains have been destroyed and valleys and the rock residue has been dumped and has destroyed 32 streams.

Question 6

Where are Moorlands found and what are they?

Answer 6

• There are approximately 350,000 hectares of Mooorland in England and Wales. The largest area is in Scotland and it is found in upland areas. Common traits are peat bogs and rough grassland.

Question 7

Where are heathlands located?

Answer 7

• There are approximately 95,000 hectares of heathland, which is located in lowland areas of the UK. Common traits are marshlands and dry and sandy.

Question 8

Where are woodlands located?

Answer 8

• The UK’s land area is made up of 12% woodland (of which 5% is ancient woodland - 80% less than 100 years ago)
• The remaining ancient woodland - Scots pine, juniper, aspen, rowan, birch and oak.
• Oak Woodlands like Taynish National Nature Reserve Argyll are rich plants and wildlife.

Question 9

Where are wetlands located?

Answer 9

• Wetlands areas can be drained to make fertile arable land. The main areas are located in Scotland and East Anglia. Common characteristics water logged soild and lower nutrients.

Question 10

How are marine ecosystems being degraded in the UK?

Answer 10

• Marine eco systems around the UK are together 3.5 times larger than the whole of the UK’s land areas
• Eutrophication - when two many nutrients get not water bodies and rivers, which cause extensive plant growth which absorbs oxygen and damages other organisms in the water. It is caused by fertilisiers used on farmland being washed into the water body. Another way this can happen is in the sea where it is used to detoxify and break down sewage.
• Economic changes- Economic development to the coastline has removed costal ecosystems, such as Salt Marshes.The UK’s fishing fleet is the second largest in the EU with around 6,400 fishing boats.12000 people work on the fleet and 14000 more in fish processing.
• Overfishing of the fish species likecod in the North sea impacts the wider ecosystem and damages the food chain.

Question 11

How are marine ecosystems important for the UK in terms of Tourism?

Answer 11

• An estimated 250 million people visit the UK’s coastline each year, generating income for the local economy and providing employment.
• Wind energy helps the UK reduce reliance on fossil fuels and meet carbon targets. The London Array is the world alrgest offshore windfarm - 175 turbines.
• Fishing - Marine ecosystems provide jobs in commercial fishing.

Question 12

What is biotic components?

Answer 12

• Living parts of the eco system such as plants, animals and humans

Question 13

What are abiotic components ?

Answer 13

• Non-living parts such as the climate, soil and water.
  *

Question 14

NEW FOREST CASE STUDY

WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT APPROACH TO GET RIGHT FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTOF THE NEW FOREST: CONSERVATION, FORESTRY

Answer 14

The most important approach, could be the local people’s needs, as we would need to be able to support everybody’s needs.This is because 40 percent of the New Forest is owned by private owners and therefore lack of commitment to the environmet could determine the amount of conservation, forestry and recreation that could happen.

Question 15

Name three abiotic and biotic features TRF?

Answer 15

• Indiginous tribes hunt animals for food and carry out small scale farming when eating food and nuts.
• The soils are low in nutrients because of leaching, heavy rainfalls seeps into the soils and take nutrients and minerals down with the water downwards.
• Chemical weathing is common in bedrock in TRF because of warm moist conditions but the nutrients are not available for plant growth.
  *

Question 16

Explain the Gersmehl model?

Answer 16

Biomass is the largest store of nutrients and recycled quickly because of year round plant growth and rapid decomposition of plant matter because of warm wet conditions. As a result the soil and litter are small nutrnet stores.

Question 17

NEW FOREST CASE STUDY

^{<strong>WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DECIDIOUS WOODLANDS?</strong>}

Answer 17

• Decidiuous woodlands have a moderately biodiverse ecosystem compared to tropical rainforests
• Fewer species than other tropical biomes, as a result of low temperatures that slow the production of food in the winter.
• Decidious woodland dominated by three or four species.

Question 18

NEW FOREST CASE STUDY

WHAT ARE KEY FACTS AND FIGURES?

Answer 18

• Covers 480km2 about 175,000 people live there.
• Tourism is worth £500 million each year and 15 million people vist.
• 3 land uses of the National park is walking your dog.

Question 19

NEW FOREST CASE STUDY

WHAT ARE THE SUSTAINABILITY PROBLEMS DECIDIOUS WOODLANDS?

Answer 19

• The visitors can be responsible for damaging delicate plants when using the part for recreational purposes.
• The New Forest is used by people with rights to pasture animals, such as pigs and other livestock.
• Timber is extracted from the New Forest, both softwood and hardwood. Not popular with visitors.

Question 20

Give 5 sustainable uses of the New Forest?

Answer 20

-Different systems used to control where visitors go.

-Hotels and camp sites are encouraged to use sustainable schemes such as, New Forest tour.

-Transport links have been set up. This has been done through rides and transport options that allow people to not need the use of their car.

>Less carbon emissions

-Leaflets for visitors to provide awareness on greenleaf businesses,local businesses signed up to scheme.

Marque certifies that local wood product are made from sustainable forest timber.

_ Conservation schemes funded by the National Park authority and other sources. local landowners can get grants to help improve biodiversity,with planting native species and using the old technique of Coppicing

Question 21

What are the ways New Forest developing sustainable management?

Answer 21

-New forest- 500,00 tonnes a year

-Conifers in conservation areas cut-stops invasive species.

-Pesticides and herbicides are used.

-Forestry cut in the period where less people are about between April and June.

- foprestry ius all completely managed by the forestry Comisssion which ensure sustainability of the wood that is cut.

Question 22

Where does Germany’s solar power come from?

Answer 22

• Germany’s power comes from large solar farms, such as Bavaria Solarpark.
• Bavaria Solarpark covers 26 hectares and uses 60,00 photovoltaic panels..

Question 23

Where does Germany’s solar power come from?

Question 24

What has association Mitsinjo done to provide jobs and reforest the area?

Answer 24

Employing up to a 100 people during plantation campaigns, Mitsinjo is not only a major job provider, but also helps improving livelihoods. Forest restoration directly leads to increased retention of water and reduced soil erosion, both vital for better agricultural performance. Accompanying activities include the promotion of agroforestry and mixed plantations where native forest trees and crops can mutually thrive.

Question 25

What is Association Mistjo doing to help deal with a lack of understanding about the environment?

Answer 25

A team of 12 Mitsinjo instructors run our Environmental Education program. Like all of our projects, our Environmental Education curriculum is carried out by members of the community. In this way we not only provide information to students, but also serve as role models from Andasibe for children to look to as examples of stewards of the environment.

Question 26

How does Association Mistjo protect animal species?

Answer 26

In April 2011 they launched Madagascar’s first biosecure facility to safeguard amphibians from extinction. Through a contract with the Direction Générale des Forêts and the IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group of Madagascar, we now keep eight local species including a genetically viable population of the Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca), offspring from which are intended for introductions at created breeding ponds.

Question 27

What are association Mistjo doing in order to help lemurs?

Answer 27

Mitsinjo’s spectacular rediscovery of the Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus) in areas where it was thought extinct before has led to an ongoing research and conservation project for this species. Surveys that focus on bamboo lemurs have taken our staff around Madagascar to Tsinjoarivo, Zahamena, Kianjavato, Makira and Marolambo.

Researchers have also set off to explore the spectacular meandering canyons, cliffs, lake-filled ravines and gallery forests of the Makay massif in Madagascar’s dry southwest. Invited by Naturevolution, a French organization promoting the preservation of the Makay, Mitsinjo coordination Rainer Dolch and Head of Research Tiana Ratolojanahary tracked down a still unkown cliff-dwelling population (species?) of bamboo lemur.

Question 28

Location of Analamazaotra

Anala-maza-ao-tra

Answer 28

Located adjacent to Andasibe National Park, Analamazaotra Forest Station is composed of a little over 700 ha of rainforest and abandoned timber plantation we are currently restoring to native forest. Known primarily as the best place in Madagascar to view the Indri, it is home to at least 12 other species of lemur and is also popular for bird watching and for its diverse reptiles and amphibians.