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Biology 20-1 > Ecosystems and Population Change > Flashcards

Ecosystems and Population Change Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Science of classification according to inferred relationships among organisms

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2
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
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3
Q

What are traits of Archaea?

A
  • single celled
  • prokaryotic cell (no nucleus)
  • Extremophiles (live in extreme environments)
  • can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
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4
Q

What are traits of Bacteria?

A
  • single celled
  • prokaryotic (no nucelus)
  • live in less extreme environments
  • can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
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5
Q

What are traits of Eukarya?

A
  • single celled or mulicellular
  • Eukaryotic cells (has nucleus)
  • live in less extreme environments
  • can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
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6
Q

How to further organize organisms?

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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7
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Two name system for scientifically naming organisms based on clasification

1- genus (capitalized, italicized/underlined)
2- species (italicized/underlined)

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8
Q

Whaat is a dichotomous key?

A

Help identify species present in a particular area, arranged in steps with two statements at each step. They use observable characteristics for identification.

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9
Q

What arte the two main ways to build a dichotamous key?

A
  • branching
  • text based
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10
Q

What is an environment?

A

Everything that affects an organisms throughout its life as well as everything the organism affects

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11
Q

What is biotic?

A

Living components of an environment

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12
Q

What is abiotic?

A

non-living components of an environment

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13
Q

What is ecology?

A

Study of the relationship between organisms and their biotic/abiotic environments

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14
Q

What are the level of ecological complexity?

A
  • species
  • population
  • community
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15
Q

What is a species?

A

Individual organisms that are able to breed with one another and produce offspring

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16
Q

What is a population?

A

Group from the same species living in a specific area at the same time

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17
Q

What is a community?

A

Interactions of populations of different species, consists of all individuals of the interacting populations in a given area

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18
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A community of organisms (biotic) along with the abiotic factors that surround and affect it

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19
Q

What are biomes?

A

Large geographical areas containing many ecosystems; based on climate and common vegetation (ex. deser, tundra, rainforest, taiga)

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20
Q

What affects the distribution of biomes?

A

Latitude and altitude

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21
Q

What are the two main predictors of diversity in terrestrial ecosystems?

A
  • temperature
  • precipitation
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22
Q

How do diversity and the equator relate?

A

Diversity is positively correlated with proximity to the equator

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23
Q

How do you predict the diversity of acquatic ecosystems?

A

Diversity may be predicted by vertical stratification (deeper you go, the less diversity)

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24
Q

What are habitats?

A

Places/areas in which an organism has adapted to live (physiologically and behaviorally)

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25
What is the range of populations/species defined as?
The geographical area where it is found
26
What is an ecological niche?
Role/function an organism has in its ecosystem
27
What are limiting factors?
Abiotic/biotic conditions that limit the number of individuals in a population
28
What do limiting factors include?
- soil type - moisture - temperature - predators and parasitism - competitions
29
What are the two different types of competition?
Intraspecies- members of the same population compete Interspecies- members of different populations compete
30
What are the three different ways you can cample populations?
- the most common way - sample among a transet - use quadrats
31
What is the most common way to sample populations?
Estimate the number of individuals in a number of samples (small portions/subsets of the population) then calculate the average
32
How do you sample among a transet?
A starting point and direction is randomly chosen and a line is marked out. Occurence of any individual within a certain distance of the line is recorded.
33
When do you use sampling among a transet method?
When navigation of area is difficult and population is arranged along a gradient
34
How do you sample by using quadrats?
Several locations are randomly chosen. Within a study area and every location a quadrat of the same size is marked out. Number of individuals within the quadrat is counted.
35
When do you do sample by using quadrats?
Used for organisms tending to stay in one spot all their lives, and when it is easy to get aroung the area and population distribution is relatively random
36
What is evolution?
A permanent genetic change in a population
37
What are adaptations?
Structures, behaviours, physiological processes shared by individual in a population that help them survive (used to continue living in their environment)
38
What are the two causes of genetic variation?
- sexual reproduction - mutations
39
What is sexual reproduction?
The mixing of genetic material from both parents
40
What is mutation?
Changes in the DNA
41
How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation?
Offspring get 50% of their DNA from each parent, creating new combinations of genes which leads to new characteristics
42
What are causes of mutation?
It can occur with DNA copying errors, it can also be from mutagens like UV, radiation, and environmental agents
43
What is natural selection?
Organisms with inherited traits suited for survival in the environment has a selective advantage in a changing environment, making it more likely to reproduce and the trait becomes more common, becoming an adaptation
44
What are the conditions for natural selection?
There must be variations within a species to 'select'
45
What did Jean-Baptiste Lanmark believe?
- one of the first to believe species can mutate and change over time (mainly from fossi levidence) - first to publish evolutionary ideas and oppose church teachings - best known for belief in inheritance of acquired characteristics
46
What did Charles Darwin believe in?
- establisehd the theory of natural selection as an explanation of diversification in nature - most ideas came from the five year journey on the HMS Beagle - developed the idea of natural selection
47
What did Charles Darwin do at the Galapagos?
He noted that tortoises and finches resembled animals he saw on the west coast of South America (and each finch had had a different beak based on the food available in its island) - hypothesized they were from a common ancestor
48
What are the different sources of evidence of evolution?
- fossil record - biogeography - embryology - comparative anatomy - molecular genetics
49
What are fossils?
Parts/impressions of an organism after its death
50
What are transitional fossils?
They fill in "missing links" in the fossil record
51
What is the fossil record?
- fossils appear in chronological order in the strata (rock layers) - sequence in which they appear matches the seqeunce in which they would be expected to evolve - recent fossils are similar to species alive today than older ones
52
What is biogeography?
involves study of plant and animal distribution
53
What is an example of biogeography?
Regions that are seperated from the world (islands) have many endemic species (species unique to the area) like the lemurs of Madagascar
54
What is embryology?
- embryos of more closely related organisms continue to appear similar unitl a later stage of development - in embryonic stages, organisms resemble their ancestors and contain structures that are not found in the adult
55
Example of embryology?
Vertebrates emrbyos share fishlike features like gill slits, linking to our ocean-dwelling ancestor
56
What is comparative anatomy?
Looks at the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
57
What are the two types of structures?
- analogous - homologous
58
What are analogous strucures?
- have the same function but different origins - adapted physical structures independently to a similar environment - does not indicate evolutionary relationships
59
What are homologous structures?
- have different functions but anatomicalyl similar - indicate evolutionary relationships
60
What is molecular genetics?
- DNA seqeuncing confirms species throught to be closely related are really closelyt related - amino acid sequencing used to show great similarities and specific differences between species
61
What is speciation?
Process in which new species are formed from a single population
62
What must happen for speciation to occur?
Populations must be kept separate and subjected to different environmental pressures
63
What are the two types of barriers in speciation?
- geographical - biological
64
What are examples of geographical barriers?
mountains, rivers, migration, etc (ocean levels change peninsulas into islands)
65
How do geographical barriers work in speciation?
They keep populations physically separated, only has to be maintained long enough for the population to become reproductively incompatible with the original populations
66
What are examples of biological barriers?
Mating, courtship behaviour, pheromones, etc (apple maggot flies laying eggs/finding mates on the fruit they were raised on)
67
What are the two main theories of the pace of speciation?
- gradualism (Darwin's belief) - Punctuated equilibrium
68
What is gradualism?
Theorizes gradual change occurs in a steady, linear way over time
69
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Theorizes evolutionary history has long periods of quilibrium, interrupted by rapid species divergence

Biology 20-1 (3 decks)

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