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Biology 1.6 > Ecosystems and Human Impact on the Environment > Flashcards

Ecosystems and Human Impact on the Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Producer?

A

A producer is Photosynthetic Material that is the first trophic level of a food chain.

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2
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

An organism that only eats plants.

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3
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

An organism that only eats meat.

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4
Q

What is an omnivore?

A

An organism that eats both plants and meat.

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5
Q

How do you define the term trophic level?

A

The level of which an organism is in the food chain. The Higher the trophic level, the more animals below the food chain there is.

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6
Q

What is a consumer?

A

A consumer is an organism that eats something else to survive.

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7
Q

What terms are used to identify different consumer levels?

A
  • Primary Consumer
  • Secondary Consumer
  • Tertiary Consumer(s)
  • Top/Apex predator
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8
Q

What directions do the arrows in a food chain go and what does this show?

A

They go from the producer to the apex predator and show the direction of energy through the chain.

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9
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A singular line of animals which prey off eachother.

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10
Q

What is a food web?

A

A collection of animals all interconnected within certain habitats which prey off eachother.

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11
Q

What percentage of sunlight is absorbed from photosynthetic materials.

A

Only 1 - 3% of sunlight is used.

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12
Q

What is the equation in photosynthesis?

A

Co2 + Water = Oxygen + Glucose (Light is the Catalyst)

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13
Q

What factors lose energy in food chains?

A
  • Respiration
  • Movement
  • Growth (Of cells)
  • Heating/warmth
  • Excretion
  • Not all of the organisms are consumed
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14
Q

Around what percentage of energy is transferred to the next trophic level?

A

10% of energy

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15
Q

What does a pyramid of number show?

A

The amount of all of the species there is in a food chain. This is not always pyramid shaped.

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16
Q

What does a pyramid of biomass show?

A

The “Dry” mass at each trophic level. This is ALWAYS pyramid shaped. Shown in grams/kilograms.

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17
Q

How do you calculate the energy transfer between Trophic Levels?

A

Energy Transferred divided by Total Energy of previous level Times 100.

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18
Q

What impact does having less energy transferred to each trophic level have on the amount of animals?

A

Generally it means the amount of animals at each level decrease.

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19
Q

How would you define Intensive Farming?

A

Intensive farming can be described as a way animals and plants can be farmed at a faster and higher quantity for a cheaper value. Big Scale.

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20
Q

Is all Intensive Farming the same?

A

No, sometimes there are small cages where animals lie, and other times large enclosed buildings have many animals together.

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21
Q

What are the advantages of intensive farming in animals?

A

Intensive farming in animals helps to produce large amounts of produce in less time, less money spent and more animals altogether. It is also vastly cheaper in shops.

22
Q

Why is intensive farming quicker than free range farming?

A

This is because the animals are restricted to move anywhere so they don’t lose energy through movement, and the heat is mostly controlled.

23
Q

What are the disadvantages of Intensive farming in Animals?

A

Severely reduce the quality of life in animals, often much worse quality of produce than free range.

24
Q

How can food energy efficiency be improved?

A

Less trophic levels, reduce wasted heat and energu, consume more of animals and produce.

25
Q

What is a battery Cage Chicken and why is it cruel?

A

A battery cage chicken is a chicken in a very small cage with many other chickens so that it cannot move. This is cruel because it is trapped in a small box, wasting away in its on excretion. The muscles and Bones waste away and they are simply slaughtered.

26
Q

How does intensive farming work for plants?

A

Farmers will get rid of any other plant life nearby to reduce the battle for sunlight and nutrients in the soil. This leads to a big lack in biodiversity surrounding this area.

27
Q

Why do farmers use pesticides?

A

Pesticides are used to keep away consumers of these plants in order to keep energy loss to an absolute minimum.

28
Q

What effect can pesticides have on food chains?

A

Pesticides are fairly toxic and can seriously harm the animals further up trophic levels, as it bioaccumilates.

29
Q

What could it mean if crops are too tightly packed?

A

Roots and plants will fight for space and end up not growing as well as they could.

30
Q

What is a pollutant?

A

A pollutant is something, natural or unnatural, added to an environment that harms it.

31
Q

What can an indicator species tell us?

A

An indicator species tells us what kind of pollution there is in certain areas, as only some species survive in certain conditions.

32
Q

How can the sources of pollution be found this way?

A

By seeing where the indicator species are found, it can show us where the pollution starts and helps us to prevent polluting these areas.

33
Q

What are common examples of places or industries that pollute?

A

Factories and farms.

34
Q

Why are chemical elements recycled?

A

They are recycled because there is not an infinite source of them, so they can be reused.

35
Q

What is the Carbon Cycle?

A

The carbon cycle is a process of how carbon is reused.

36
Q

What ways is Carbon taken from the atmosphere?

A

Through photosynthesising plants and plankton. It can also be absorbed on the ocean surface, making the ocean more acidic.

37
Q

What do organisms do to give out Carbon?

A

Excretion and Respiration.

38
Q

How does decay affect the Carbon Cycle?

A

Decaying organisms are broken down by bacteria microorganisms and fungi in soils, and the microorganisms respire the carbon back into the air.

39
Q

What would happen if not all of the decaying organism is broken down in the carbon cycle?

A

It would slowly go through the soil until it is made into fossil fuels under huge heat and pressure.

40
Q

How do fossil fuels get released back to the atmosphere?

A

The burning of fossil fuels releases all the carbon trapped under the atmosphere very quickly, called combustion

41
Q

What other ways is carbon released back to the the atmosphere?

A

The burning of forests, volcanic eruptions.

42
Q

What is the Nitrogen Cycle?

A

The process that nitrogen is recycled.

43
Q

How does atmospheric Nitrogen change?

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in legiminous roots and the soil changes nitrogen into ammonia in a process called ammonification.

44
Q

How is Ammonia converted to Soil Nitrates?

A

Ammonia is converted by Nitrifying Bacteria.

45
Q

How are Soil Nitrates used?

A

Soil nitrates are assimilated into plants for them to use.

46
Q

What are these nitrates used to make in plants?

A

Nitrates makes proteins for the plant to grow.

47
Q

Who uses these proteins made by the plants?

A

Plants and any consumer after them (animals and humans)

48
Q

what does decay from excrement and dead plants do to the nitrates?

A

The protein is then broken back down to ammonia in decomposition.

49
Q

What happens after decomposition?

A

This smaller cycle is either repeated, or denitrifying bacteria turns the nitrates into atmospheric Nitrogen and the cycle is repeated.

50
Q

How does bioaccumilation work?

A
  • Toxins or heavy metals are polluted
  • Producing plants (Mainly aquatic) absorb them
  • Consumers consume many of these plants
  • Contaminats work up the food chain to the top predator
  • usually only deadly to the top predator as they consume many organisms that consume many toxins.
51
Q

What is Eutrophication?

A

The process of how nutrient load up causes algae blooms and can eventually cause death

52
Q

What are the steps of Eutrophication?

A
  1. Excessive nutrients such as Fertilisers from farms flush into rivers or lakes by rainwater
  2. Plants flourish like algae and duckweed
  3. Algae really blooms, covering the surface. Oxygen and sunlight decreases.
  4. Decomposition of the flourishing plants further decreases oxygen below.
  5. Death of the ecosystem makes this area uninhabitable.

Biology 1.6 (1 decks)

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