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bio 22 > ecosystems > Flashcards

ecosystems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthesis

A

light energy → chemical energy

generates biomass

glucose + carbon dioxide → oxygen + water

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2
Q

energy lost at each trophic level

A

∼90%

metabolic processes (respiration) & detritus (waste)

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3
Q

gross productivity

A

energy acquired by a trophic level

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4
Q

net productivity

A

energy usable by a trophic level

gross productivity - respiration

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5
Q

transfer efficiency

A

(net productivity of trophic ÷ net productivity of previous trophic level) × 100

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6
Q

ecological niche

A

role & space an organism fills in an ecosystem

interactions with biotic & abiotic environmental factors

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7
Q

fundamental niche

A

theoretical potential use of resources

[no competition]

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8
Q

realized niche

A

actual use of resources

[competition present]

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9
Q

what happens when two species try to occupy the same niche at the same time ?

A

competitive exclusion or resource partitioning

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10
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

two species cannot occupy the same niche at the same time

one species will out-compete the other & the less competitive species will become locally extinct

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11
Q

resource partitioning

A

two species adapt to occupy different niches rather than one competitively excluding the other

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12
Q

keystone species

A

species that plays a unique & crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions

(maintain biodiversity, control populations, provide critical resources)

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13
Q

carrying capacity [K]

A

population size that can be supported indefinitely by the available resources & services of that ecosystem

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14
Q

what determines carrying capacity ?

A

limiting factors which are biotic or abiotic

e.g. prey or water, respectively

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15
Q

population growth expression

A

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

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16
Q

exponential population growth

A

j-curve

absence of limiting factors

[favorable environmental conditions]

births > deaths

[tend to be r-strategists]

17
Q

logistic population growth

A

s-curve

limiting factors present

[density-dependent factors]

births = deaths

carrying capacity reached

18
Q

density-dependent factors

A

factors that regulate population growth depending on population density

(e.g. food)

19
Q

density-independent factors

A

factors that regulate population growth independent of population density

(e.g drought)

20
Q

Lincoln Index

(abundance of mobile animals)

A

(caught₁ × caught₂) ÷ tagged₂

21
Q

carbon cycle

A

plants absorb carbon [photosynthesis]

plants release carbon [respiration]

animals assimilate carbon [consumption]

animals release carbon [respiration]

detritivores release carbon [decomposition]

oceans & fossil fuels are carbon reservoirs

22
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen-fixing bacteria : N₂ → NH₃ [nitrogen fixation]

nitrifying bacteria : NH₃ → NO₃⁻ [nitrification]

plants absorb NO₃⁻ & animals assimilate NO₃⁻

ammonifying bacteria : decomposition → NH₃ [ammonification]

denitrifying bacteria : NO₃⁻ → N₂ [denitrification]

23
Q

water cycle

A

evaporation

condensation

precipitation

plants absorb water for photosynthesis

plants release water [transpiration]

plants & animals release water [decompositon]

24
Q

succession

A

change in the species structure of an ecological community over time

25
Q

primary succession

A

colonization of bare, previously uninhabited areas (e.g. new landmass)

no soil & seedbank

26
Q

secondary succession

A

colonization of disturbed, previously inhabited areas (e.g. flooded landmass)

soil & seedbank present

27
Q

pioneer community

A

first stage of succession

unstable community dominated by r-strategists

28
Q

pioneer species

A

able to photosynthesize & fixate nitrogen

r-strategists (high reproductive & growth rate)

adapted to harsh abiotic conditions

29
Q

seral community

A

distinct communities of plant species that dominate during intermediate stages of succession

biodiversity & biomass increase significantly

30
Q

climax community

A

final stage of succession

stable community dominated by K-strategists

bio 22 (5 decks)

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