ecosystem and energy transfer

Question 1

what is an ecosystem

Answer 1

community of different species which depend and interact with each other and the non living conditions

Question 2

how describe ecosystem

Answer 2

dynamic

Question 3

why ecosystem dynamic

Answer 3

population size rise and fall
energy flow
materials flow

Question 4

what is niche

Answer 4

organisms role in ecosystem

no 2 orgs can have same exact niche as one will out compete the other

Question 5

biotic factors

Answer 5

living interactions

Question 6

biotic examples

Answer 6

competition for:
territory
mates
food
water

predation
parasitism
mutualism
disease

Question 7

abiotic factors

Answer 7

non livinga

Question 8

abiotic examples

Answer 8

ph
rainfall
light intensity
temperature
wind
humidity
oxygen and co2 conc
inorganic ions
soil factors - aeration, particle size

Question 9

what is biomass

Answer 9

mass of biological material - represents energy available
wet or dry

dry better as more accurate
- have to kill and dry

Question 10

energy flows

Answer 10

light energy
photosynthesis
biotic
-nutrients back and forth to abiotic
respiration
heat energy

Question 11

trophic levels

Answer 11

producer - use sun
1 cons - herbivore
2 cons - carnivorne
3 cons - carnivore

decomposer

Question 12

what is autotrophic

Answer 12

self feeding by produce own energy

use light = photoautotrophic eg plant
use chemical = chemoautotrophic eg nitrifying bacteria

Question 13

what is heterotrophic

Answer 13

obtain energy from organic/inorganic ions so rely other organisms

chemoheterotrophic = all animals and fungi

photoheterotrophic = some bacteria

Question 14

food chain shows…

Answer 14

how energy transferred between living organisms

Question 15

efficiency of energy transfer

Answer 15

losses at each level

-respiration
-not all animal eater
-egestion and excretion

Question 16

what does loss of energy mean

Answer 16

max 3 or 4 trophic levels as not enough energy to sustain another level

Question 17

3 different pyramids

Answer 17

numbers
biomass
energy

Question 18

pyramid numbers shows

Answer 18

bar proportional to number individuals

not accurate

Question 19

pyramid biomass shows

Answer 19

bar proportional to dry mass all organisms at a trophic level

need to kill animal to heat and dry them

Question 20

pyramid energy shows

Answer 20

energy released at each level

need to burn in calorimetre to calculate heat lost per gram

Question 21

what is productivity

Answer 21

rate energy transferred to next level
in kJ/m2/yr

Question 22

what is primary productivity

Answer 22

from plants

energy to make new cells using chemical potential energy

Question 23

what is gross primary productivity

Answer 23

total energy transferred by plant from sun to plant tissues

Question 24

what is net primary productivity

Answer 24

energy left available to primary consumers after plant respiration

Question 25

NPP =

Answer 25

GPP - loss via respiration

Question 26

plant light stats

Answer 26

absorb 85% reflect 10% transmit 5%

Question 27

what is PAR

Answer 27

photosynthetically active radiation used in photosynthesis 1% energy each leaf is passed on

Question 28

what stat NPP to primary consumer

Answer 28

10%

Question 29

efficiency =

Answer 29

energy after/energy before X100

Question 30

what is detritivores

Answer 30

worms etc that break down dead orgs allowing more SA for decomposers to break it down further

Question 31

how is energy lost after primary consumer onwards

Answer 31

movement digestion respiration reproduction not eat all organism

Question 32

how to improve primary productivity

Answer 32

- increasing the rate of photosynthesis - reducing pests, disease and competition

Question 33

how to inc rate photosynth to inc PP

Answer 33

Optimum planting distances Light for greenhouse crops Max leaf size Selective breeding for max energy storage

Question 34

how to reduce pests to inc PP

Answer 34

fungicide pesticide insecticide biological control herbicides fencing to exclude grazers

Question 35

how to max growth to inc PP

Answer 35

irrigate fertilisers selective breeding

Question 36

how to improve secondary productivity

Answer 36

- controlling the life style of the animals - use of drugs and controlled breeding

Question 37

how to control animal lifestyle to improve SP

Answer 37

restrict movement to reduce energy loss heat good nutrition food supplements no predators indoor housing

Question 38

how to use drugs and selective breeding to improve SP

Answer 38

Antibiotics and vaccines Breeding programmes for rapid growth