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Biology 6.3.1 Ecosystems > ecosystem and energy transfer > Flashcards

ecosystem and energy transfer Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

community of different species which depend and interact with each other and the non living conditions

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2
Q

how describe ecosystem

A

dynamic

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3
Q

why ecosystem dynamic

A

population size rise and fall
energy flow
materials flow

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4
Q

what is niche

A

organisms role in ecosystem

no 2 orgs can have same exact niche as one will out compete the other

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5
Q

biotic factors

A

living interactions

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6
Q

biotic examples

A

competition for:
territory
mates
food
water

predation
parasitism
mutualism
disease

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7
Q

abiotic factors

A

non livinga

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8
Q

abiotic examples

A

ph
rainfall
light intensity
temperature
wind
humidity
oxygen and co2 conc
inorganic ions
soil factors - aeration, particle size

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9
Q

what is biomass

A

mass of biological material - represents energy available
wet or dry

dry better as more accurate
- have to kill and dry

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10
Q

energy flows

A

light energy
photosynthesis
biotic
-nutrients back and forth to abiotic
respiration
heat energy

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11
Q

trophic levels

A

producer - use sun
1 cons - herbivore
2 cons - carnivorne
3 cons - carnivore

decomposer

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12
Q

what is autotrophic

A

self feeding by produce own energy

use light = photoautotrophic eg plant
use chemical = chemoautotrophic eg nitrifying bacteria

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13
Q

what is heterotrophic

A

obtain energy from organic/inorganic ions so rely other organisms

chemoheterotrophic = all animals and fungi

photoheterotrophic = some bacteria

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14
Q

food chain shows…

A

how energy transferred between living organisms

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15
Q

efficiency of energy transfer

A

losses at each level

-respiration
-not all animal eater
-egestion and excretion

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16
Q

what does loss of energy mean

A

max 3 or 4 trophic levels as not enough energy to sustain another level

17
Q

3 different pyramids

A

numbers
biomass
energy

18
Q

pyramid numbers shows

A

bar proportional to number individuals

not accurate

19
Q

pyramid biomass shows

A

bar proportional to dry mass all organisms at a trophic level

need to kill animal to heat and dry them

20
Q

pyramid energy shows

A

energy released at each level

need to burn in calorimetre to calculate heat lost per gram

21
Q

what is productivity

A

rate energy transferred to next level
in kJ/m2/yr

22
Q

what is primary productivity

A

from plants

energy to make new cells using chemical potential energy

23
Q

what is gross primary productivity

A

total energy transferred by plant from sun to plant tissues

24
Q

what is net primary productivity

A

energy left available to primary consumers after plant respiration

25
Q

NPP =

A

GPP - loss via respiration

26
Q

plant light stats

A

absorb 85%
reflect 10%
transmit 5%

27
Q

what is PAR

A

photosynthetically active radiation used in photosynthesis

1% energy each leaf is passed on

28
Q

what stat NPP to primary consumer

A

10%

29
Q

efficiency =

A

energy after/energy before X100

30
Q

what is detritivores

A

worms etc that break down dead orgs allowing more SA for decomposers to break it down further

31
Q

how is energy lost after primary consumer onwards

A

movement
digestion
respiration
reproduction
not eat all organism

32
Q

how to improve primary productivity

A
  • increasing the rate of photosynthesis
  • reducing pests, disease and competition
33
Q

how to inc rate photosynth to inc PP

A

Optimum planting distances
Light for greenhouse crops Max leaf size
Selective breeding for max energy storage

34
Q

how to reduce pests to inc PP

A

fungicide
pesticide
insecticide
biological control
herbicides
fencing to exclude grazers

35
Q

how to max growth to inc PP

A

irrigate
fertilisers
selective breeding

36
Q

how to improve secondary productivity

A
  • controlling the life style of the animals
  • use of drugs and controlled breeding
37
Q

how to control animal lifestyle to improve SP

A

restrict movement to reduce energy loss
heat
good nutrition
food supplements
no predators
indoor housing

38
Q

how to use drugs and selective breeding to improve SP

A

Antibiotics and vaccines
Breeding programmes for rapid growth

Biology 6.3.1 Ecosystems (1 decks)

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