Economy 2

Question 1

Pharmacoeconomics is a subset of health economics that focuses on evaluating the _____ impact of the use of pharmaceuticals.

Answer 1

1. Clinical
2. Economical
3. Humanistic
4. 1 and 2 only
   * 5. 1, 2, and 3

Question 2

____ costs are costs associated with all the goods and services used to provide an intervention for the treatment or prevention of a condition. Example: medications

Answer 2

• 1. Direct
     
     2. Indirect
     3. Undirect
     4. None of the above

Question 3

Indirect costs are all costs associated with all the forms of lost ____ due to the condition or the interventions associated with the treatment or prevention of the condition. Example: sick leave

Answer 3

1. Longevity
   * 2. Productivity
2. Reproductivity
3. None of the above

Question 4

(True/False) Many studies are poorly conceived and executed because they don’t understand the economic fundamentals behind the technique, or they don’t understand clinical practice or they don’t measure outcomes well, or a combination of these.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

(True/False) Pharmacoeconomics or Health Economics Outcomes Research (HEOR) is the study of making “good” choices about how to treat and/or insure patients.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

HEOR…

1. is a discipline or field that analyzes decisions related to medical and pharmaceutical decision making
2. guides the development of virtually all clinical guidelines and treatment patterns
3. is an interdisciplinary field comprised of economists, statisticians, psychologists, epidemiologists, and clinicians (including, but not limited to, pharmacists)
4. 1 and 2
5. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 6

5. 1, 2, and 3

Question 7

HH has hypertension. His physician is trying to maintain HH’s BP at <130/80mmHg. Drug A cost $20.00 per month, is dosed once daily, and maintain’s HH’s BP at approx 130/80mmHg when taken as prescribed. Drug B costs $20.00 per month, is dosed twice daily, and maintains HH’s BP at approx 120/80mmHg when taken as prescribed. HH has difficulty remembering to take evening doses of medications. Which medication is better for HH taking into account both clinical and economic outcomes?

Answer 7

• 1. Drug A
     
     2. Drug B
     3. Neither drug should be taken; HTN should only be controlled with behavior modification
     4. Both drugs should be taken

Question 8

A hospital PT committee is evaluating whether to add Drug A or Drug B to the hospital formulary for use on an outpatient basis in the outpatient services department which is staffed seven days a week with an RN and two LPNs. Drug A requires a 4 hour infusion in the outpatient services department. The cost for Drug A is $100.00 per month for the medication plus $100.00 per month for infusion supplies. Drug B is an IM injection and costs $180.00 per month for medication plus $20.00 per month for the injection supplies. Based on the information given, which drug would be the better choice for the hospital to add to the formulary?

Answer 8

1. Drug A
   * 2. Drug B
2. Drug C
3. Drug D

Question 9

The information in medical prescription claims databases is collected primarily for us in

Answer 9

A. Determining efficiency in the provision of treatments and services
B. Determining patient satisfaction with treatments and services
C. Evaluation of patient outcomes related to specific treatments and services
*D. Reimbursement of treatments and services

Question 10

What are the advantages of using claims databases for outcomes research?

Answer 10

A. Data may cover an extended period of time
B. Relatively inexpensive research method
C. More realistic picture of patient adherence
D. B and C
*E. All of the above

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of using claims databases for outcomes research?

Answer 11

A. Selection bias
B. Databases set up for financial purpose (not evaluation of outcomes)
C. Databases may only reflect a subset of the population who have the insurance coverage seen in the database
D. A and B
*E. All of the above

Question 12

Differentiate between institutional, provider, and prescription claims database. Which contains information about care provided in hospitals and other institutions. Payment is based on DRG code identifying the major reason for admission. The payment is an aggregate payment not an itemized one?

Answer 12

*A. Institutional databases
B. Provider databases
C. Prescription databases
D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) databases

Question 13

Differentiate between institutional, provider, and prescription claims databases: Which contains information about care provided by healthcare providers; Payment is based on a CPT code for each individual event or procedure; these claims are submitted for payment after the service is provided?

Answer 13

A. Institutional databases
*B. Provider databases
C. Prescription databases
D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) databases

Question 14

(Fill in the blank) ___refers to the generalizability of the finding of a study.

Answer 14

A. Internal reliability
B. External reliability
C. Internal validity
*D. External validity

Question 15

Patient information extracted from large databases is not subject to HIPAA

Answer 15

False

Question 16

In a decision table (such as the statin example), it can have more than one criteria:

Answer 16

True

Question 17

In a decision table (such as the statin example), mutually agreed upon criteria could include: 
A. Efficacy (% LDL reduction)
B. Safety, Toxicity, and Interactions
C. Drug cost
D. A and C only
E. All of the above

Answer 17

E. All of the above

Question 18

In a decision tree, the sum of the probabilities associated with each branch of the tree equal \_\_\_.
A. 1
B. 10
C. 100
D. 1000

Answer 18

A. 1

Question 19

In a decision tree, \_\_\_ are under the control of the decision maker.
A. Branches
B. Chance nodes
C. Choice nodes
D. Decision paths
E. Terminal nodes

Answer 19

C. Choice nodes

Question 20

In a decision tree, \_\_\_\_ are subject to probability
A. Branches
B. Chance nodes
C. Choice nodes
D. Decision paths
E. Terminal nodes

Answer 20

B. Chance nodes

Question 21

\_\_\_ are paths for events originating with an initial choice and continuing through to the final outcome.
A. Branches
B. Chance nodes
C. Choice nodes
D. Decision paths
E. Terminal nodes

Answer 21

D. Decision paths