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1
Q

What were the positive impacts of collectivisation? (3)

A
  1. Grain income and exports increased
  2. Funded industrialisation and Gigantomania
  3. Complete control achieved by 1941
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2
Q

What were the negative impacts of collectivisation? (3)

A
  1. Kulaks exiled and peasants killed in famine
  2. Workers’ food prices increased due to productivity decline
  3. Internal passports needed to prevent emigration
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3
Q

How many kulaks were exiled in de-Kulakisation?

A

10,000,000

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4
Q

How many peasants died in the 1932 famine?

A

7 million

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5
Q

How many Russian civilians died in WW2?

A

20 million

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6
Q

How many Russian military members died in WW2?

A

10 million

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7
Q

What was the purpose of the 4th 5 Year Plan?

A

Recovery following WW2

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8
Q

What were the negative outcomes of the 4th 5YP? (3)

A
  1. Grain and leather fell short of targets
  2. Rouble devalued by 90%
  3. Taxes increased and peasants’ wages were 1/5 that of workers
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9
Q

What were the positive outcomes of the 4th 5YP? (3)

A
  1. USSR became second only to the USA
  2. Coal, oil and electricity hugely exceeded targets
  3. USSR looted machinery from East Germany in reparations
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10
Q

What were the features of Brezhnev’s economy?

A
  • Corruption
  • Re-Centralisation
  • Agriculture
  • Military Industrial Complex
  • Productivity
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11
Q

How was Brezhnev’s economy corrupt?

A
  • Black markets emerged like a second economy
  • Nepotism and gerontocracy failed to create innovation
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12
Q

What were the weaknesses of Brezhnev’s agriculture?

A

Produced 1/6 compared to USA and still imported grain from abroad

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13
Q

What percent of Brezhnev’s GDP was spent on the military?

A

18%

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14
Q

What fraction of the working population was employed in the military?

A

1/6

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15
Q

What were the successes of Brezhnev’s economy? (3)

A
  1. More spent on consumer goods and living standards
  2. More emphasis on technology
  3. Investment in agriculture
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16
Q

What were the failures of Brezhnev’s economy? (3)

A
  1. Lagging living standards (alcoholism)
  2. Low productivity
  3. Only 2% annual growth by the end of the era
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17
Q

What were the positive impacts on living standards under Khrushchev? (2)

A
  • Minimum wage introduced in 1956
  • Meat consumption rose by 55%
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18
Q

What were the negative impacts on living standards under Khrushchev? (2)

A
  • Poor quality new housing
  • Lagging consumer goods
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19
Q

What were the positive impacts on industry under Khrushchev? (2)

A
  • Improvement in transport and output of heavy industry
  • First man in space
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20
Q

What were the negative impacts on industry under Khrushchev? (2)

A
  • Remained inefficient
  • Managers pressured by government targets
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21
Q

What were Khrushchev’s industrial reforms? (6)

A
  • Regional Economic Councils
  • Split industrial and economic departments
  • Light industry
  • Liberman Plan
  • Vocational training
  • Space Race
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22
Q

What was the Liberman Plan?

A

Gave more incentives to local managers and handed them more power

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23
Q

What were the problems with Khrushchev’s industrial reforms? (3)

A
  • Inconsistent
  • Lacked political support
  • Failed to catch the West
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24
Q

How did the USSR succeed in the Space Race?

A

Launched the first satellite and first man into space

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25
Q

How many acres of Virgin Land was to be farmed?

A

33 million

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26
Q

What were the successes of the Virgin Land Scheme? (3)

A
  1. Ploughed 33.5 million acres by August 1954
  2. Contributed to 50% of total grain harvest
  3. Farmers’ wages doubled
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27
Q

What were the failures of the Virgin Land Scheme? (3)

A
  1. Unreliable harvests and over-production
  2. MTS stations closed and abandoned as engineers returned to the city
  3. Khrushchev too involved in unrealistic targets
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28
Q

What were the aims of Khrushchev’s agricultural reforms? (3)

A
  1. Catch the West
  2. End cycle of famine
  3. Improve living standards
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29
Q

What were Khrushchev’s agricultural reforms? (3)

A
  1. Regional Economic Councils gave power to local experts
  2. Increased size of collective farms
  3. Allowed private plots for peasants
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30
Q

What was the ‘Maize Craze’?

A

Khrushchev’s obsession with corn which demoralised farmers with unrealistic targets - meeting with Roswell Garst

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31
Q

What did Lenin promise with State Capitalism?

A

Bread, Land and Peace

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32
Q

What were the 3 decrees of State Capitalism?

A
  • Decree on Workers
  • Land Decree
  • People’s Bank of Russia
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33
Q

When was State Capitalism?

A

1917-8

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34
Q

What was the Decree on Workers?

A

Placed control of the factories into the hands of the workers

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35
Q

What was the Land Decree?

A

Abolished private land and gave the peasants the land they worked on

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36
Q

What was the People’s Bank of Russia?

A

The nationalisation of all banks

37
Q

What were the positives of State Capitalism? (3)

A
  1. Popular
  2. Increased living standards
  3. Wage and land increases
38
Q

What were the negatives of State Capitalism? (3)

A
  1. Reduced Lenin’s control over workers
  2. Inflation due to wage increases
  3. Lost support of managers
39
Q

What is a command economy?

A

Centralised economy - products match needs of people and money is allocated to spend on public services

40
Q

What are the strengths of the command economy? (3)

A
  1. Money spent on public services
  2. Smaller wealth divide
  3. Economy prepared for crisis
41
Q

What are the weaknesses of the command economy? (3)

A
  1. People have less control over the economy
  2. No motivation for promotion
  3. Potential for corruption and oligarchy
42
Q

When was NEP?

43
Q

What are the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy?

A

Heavy industry, banking, transport, trade

44
Q

What were the aims of the Command Economy? (3)

A
  • Recover a crippled economy
  • Increase popularity
  • Increase food production
45
Q

What were the features of NEP? (3)

A
  • Legalised private business
  • Smaller factories given back to managers
  • 50% tax replaced grain requisition
46
Q

What were the positives of NEP? (3)

A
  • Created stability and support
  • Food production rose by 1925
  • Industry returned to pre-war levels
47
Q

Who were NEPmen?

48
Q

What were the negatives of NEP? (3)

A
  • Internal opposition
  • Rise in corruption, prostitution and unemployment
  • Peasants benefitted more than workers
49
Q

When was War Communism?

50
Q

What were the aims of War Communism? (3)

A
  1. Supply Red Army with food and weapons
  2. Fulfil Communist ideology
  3. Win Civil War
51
Q

What were the features of War Communism?

A
  • Supreme economic councils
  • NAtionalisation of industry
  • Private trade banned
  • Grain requisition
  • Money abolished
  • Terror
52
Q

What was the positive impact of War Communism?

A

Helped win Civil War and increase control

53
Q

What were the negative impacts of War Communism? (3)

A
  • Industry collapsed to only 1/5 of 1913 production
  • 5 million died in famine
  • Unrest
54
Q

What was the plan for Collectivisation?

A
  • Pull together small private farms into big state farm
  • Farmers had to meet quotas to feed cities
  • Industrialisation achieved
55
Q

What was de-Kulakisation?

A

Anyone refusing collectivisation was deemed a kulak and executed or exiled

56
Q

What is a Kulak?

A

Rich peasant

57
Q

How many party members were dispersed to force collectivisation?

58
Q

What was Smychka?

A

Alliance between industry and agriculture, industry improves so farm equipment improves, agriculture improves so food production improves

59
Q

What were the positive impacts on living standards of Stalin’s 5YP? (2)

A
  • Mass education of the workforce
  • Female workers
60
Q

What were the negative impacts on living standards of Stalin’s 5YP? (3)

A
  • Inequality of wealth grew
  • Horrendous conditions and rationing
  • Halved wages, high food prices
61
Q

What were the positive impacts on industry of Stalin’s 5YP? (3)

A
  • Economic growth
  • Urbanisation
  • Increase in heavy industry
62
Q

What were the negative impacts on industry of Stalin’s 5YP? (2)

A
  • Purges led managers to lie about economic success
  • Purges removed experienced managers
  • Targets not met - quantity over quality
63
Q

What was the Stakhanovite movement?

A

Stakhanov was a coal miner who set a record for mining s record amount of coal, becoming a national celebrity and inspiration

64
Q

What is a positive and negative impact of the Stakhanovite movement?

A

P - Drove success of 1st 5YP
N - Aims to rebreak records was detrimental overall

65
Q

What was the Dnieper Dam?

A

Largest Soviet power plant and largest dam in Europe, blown up by retreating Russian soldiers during WW2

66
Q

When was the White Sea Canal built?

67
Q

How many gulag prisoners were used in the White Sea Canal and what fraction died in the first Winter alone?

A
  • 100,000
  • 1/4
68
Q

Why was the White Sea Canal a failure?

A

Depth reduced from 18 to 12ft - useless for shipping

69
Q

Why was the White Sea Canal a success?

A

Propaganda success, marketed as a triumph

70
Q

What were the successes of Magnitogorsk? (2)

A
  • highly trained and motivated ‘shock workers’
  • land was a major industrial centre
71
Q

What were the failures of Magnitogorsk? (2)

A
  • used gulag prisoners
  • bad conditions meant workers lasted on average 82 days before finding a new job
72
Q

What were the principles of Stalin’s 5YP?

A
  • Gigantic projects
  • Rapid industrialisation
  • Ideology (attacked NEPmen)
  • Targets were unrealistic
73
Q

What were the strengths of Stalin’s 5YP? (3)

A
  • Increased production and total employment
  • Ended stagnation
  • Prepared for war
74
Q

What were the weaknesses of Stalin’s 5YP? (3)

A
  • Unrealistic
  • Quantity over quality
  • Low living standards
75
Q

What was Gosplan?

A

State organisation that planned and ran the economy, controlled by the Politburo

76
Q

NEP - Lenin

A

‘one step backwards, two steps forwards’

77
Q

1932-3 famine - Duranty

A

‘they were more like caged animals than human beings… debris and jetsam, victims of the march to progress’

78
Q

Khrushchev’s economic failures - Ilic

A

‘rather than feasting on the success of Communism, the people were feeding from the scraps off a capitalist table’

79
Q

War Communism - Figes

A

‘draconian system of war communism’

80
Q

Purpose of War Communism - Figes

A

‘a set of policies to make class war against the peasantry and other social ‘enemies’’

81
Q

Workers’ reaction to NEP

A

‘new exploitation of the proletariat’

82
Q

5YP - Figes

A

‘the 5YP promised to create a society of universal abundance for the proletariat’

83
Q

Kulaks - Figes

A

‘The war against the ‘Kulaks’ was not a side effect but the driving force of collectivisation’

84
Q

White Sea Canal - Figes

A

‘fantastically ambitious project’

85
Q

Success of WSC - Figes

A

‘built on top of bones, the canal was a fitting symbol of the Stalinist regime, whose greatest propaganda successes were achieved with total disregard for the millions of lives they cost’

86
Q

Gigantomania - Figes

A

‘the speed of change in the USSR in the early 1930s was intoxicating’

87
Q

Moscow metro - Figes

A

‘by inspiring civic pride and reverence, the Metro helped to foster mass belief in the public goals and values of the Soviet order

88
Q

Alcoholism - Figes

A

‘Alcoholism was the national disease’

89
Q

Human labour - Figes

A

‘the Bolshevik view of human beings as raw material’

Russia (4 decks)

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