Economics SS4 Flashcards
Define the impact of monetary policy :
a. Expansionary
b. Contractionary
Expansionary :
- Increase the money supply
- Decrease interest rates
- Increase aggregate demand
Contractionary :
- Decrease the money supply
- Increase interest rates
- Slow economic growth and inflation
What is Monetary Policy?
Management of the supply of money and credit
What is Fiscal Policy?
Government decisions on taxing and spending
What is the impact of _____ fiscal policy?
a. Expansionary
b. Contractionary
a. Expansionary :
- Increase spending
- Decreases taxes
- Increase the budget deficit
- Increase aggregate demand
b. Contractionary :
- Decrease spending
- Increase taxes
- Decrease the budget deficit
- Reduce aggregate demand
What is the function of money?
- Medium of exchange
- Unit of account
- Store of value
What is fractional reverse banking system?
A bank is required to hold a fraction of its deposits in reserve; this fraction is the required reserve ratio.
What are the types of demand for money? Explain.
- Transaction demand : Increase with GDP
- Precautionary demand : Money held for unforeseen future needs, increases with GDP
- Speculative demand : Money held to take advantage of future investment opportunities, smaller when current returns are high, greater when risk is perceived to be high.
Supply of money is set by who?
Monetary authority
What is the Fisher Effect?
Riskless nominal interest rate = real riskless rate + expected inflation
What are the roles of Central Banks? (6)
- Issue currency
- Banker to banks and government
- Regulate banking and payments systems
- Lender of last resort
- Hold gold and foreign currency reserves
- Conduct monetary policy
a. What is the main objective of Central banks?
b. What are the others objectives of Central banks? (4)
a. Price stability (low inflation rates)
b. - Maintain full employment
- Promote economic growth
- Keep exchange rate tables
- Keep long-term interest rate moderate
What are are the additional costs of unexpected inflation?
Shifts wealth from lenders to borrowers
Less reliable supply/demand information in price changes
- Incorrect production decisions by firms
- Less stable business cycles
Definition of policy rate
Interest rate central banks charge banks for borrowed reserves
Define the impact of _____ the policy rate.
a. Increasing
b. Decreasing
a. Increasing the policy rate discourages banks from borrowing reserves; thus, banks reduce their lending
b. Decreasing the policy rate tends to increase the amount of lending and the money supply.
Describe open market operations (buy, sell securities)
- Central bank buys government securities for cash, reserves increase, money supply increases
- Selling securities decreases the money supply
Describe required reserve ratio. (Reducing, increasing)
- Reducing reserve percentage increases excess reserves and increases the money supply
- Increasing required reserve ratio decreases the money supply
Describe Central Bank Characteristics
- Independent
- Credible
- Transparent
Impact when a central bank buys securities
- Bank reserve increase
- Interbank lending rates decrease
- Short-term and long-term lending rates decrease
- Businesses increase investment
- Consumers increase durable goods purchases
- Domestic currency depreciates, exports increase
Overall, aggregate demand increases
Define
a. Interest rate targeting
b. Inflation targeting
c. Exchange rate targeting
a. Increase (decrease) money supply growth when interest rates are above (below) targets
b. Target band for inflation rate (1%-3%)
- Increase money supply growth when inflation is below target band, decrease money supply growth when inflation is above target band
- Target inflation band > 0 to prevent deflation
c. Target band for currency exchange rate with developed country
a. Determine the neutral interest rate
b. Explain when we are in a contractionary or expansionary situation (Policy rate <> Neutral Rate)
a. Neutral interest rate = Trend growth rate of real GDP + target inflation rate
b. Policy rate > neutral rate : Contractionary
Policy rate < neutral rate : Expansionary
What are the limitations of monetary policy? (5)
- Long-term rates may move oppositely to short-term term rates because inflation expectations change
- If monetary tightening is extreme, expectations of recession may make long-term bonds more attractive, decreasing long-term rates
- If demand for money is very elastic, people will holds currency even as money supply increases referred to as liquidity trap.
- Banks may desire to increase capital and not increase lending in response to expansionary monetary policy
- Short-term rates cannot be below zero - limits a central bank’s ability to act against deflation.
Explain
a. Expansionary Fiscal Policy
b. Contractionary Fiscal Policy
a. - Increase government spending
- Decrease taxes or both
- Increase aggregate demand
- Increase budget deficit
b. - Decrease government spending
- Increase taxes or both
- Decreasing aggregate demand
- Decreasing the budget deficit
Definition of automatic stabilizers
Recessions : Taxes and transfer payments tend to increase deficits
Expansions : Taxes and transfer payments tend to decrease deficits during expansions.
What are the fiscal policy objectives?
- Influence aggregate demand and economic growth
- Redistribute wealth
- Affect the allocation of resources to different sectors of the economy
What are the fiscal tools (spending)?
- Transfer payments
- Current Spending
- Capital spending