Economics Flashcards

1
Q

What is utility?

And how can it be measured

A

Utility is the satisfaction gained from consuming a good or service.
We can measure the satisfaction of a product by the price people are willing to pay for it.

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2
Q

What is Marginal utility?

A

The satisfaction gained from consuming an extra unit of a good or service

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3
Q

What is total utility?

A

Total satisfaction gained from a good or service

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4
Q

What is the law of diminishing marginal utility?

A

As a person consumes more of a good in a certain amount of time, the utility gained from each extra unit decreases. Until the maximum is reached and no more satisfaction can be gained

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5
Q

What way does a supply curve slope?

What way does a demand curve slope?

A

Upwards

Downwards

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6
Q

Why does a demand curve slope downwards? Give 3 reasons-

And define them

A

Income effect - if income stays the same and price of a good or service goes down in price more can now afford it
Substitution effect as prices rise or income decreases consumers look for cheaper alternatives
Law of diminishing marginal utility - as consumers have more of a product they are less willing to pay as much for an extra unit

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7
Q

Why does a supply curve slope upwards?

A

When prices rise firms should make more profit per unit therefore there’s is more incentive to raise supply

New firms entering the market, higher prices make it easier for new firms to start producing this product, therefore more is supplied at a higher rather than lower price

When output rises firms costs may rise, therefore a higher price is needed to justify the extra output and cover these extra costs of production

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8
Q

Ceteris paribus

A

All other things equal

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9
Q

Define equilibrium

A

A balance

Forces are balanced

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10
Q

Give reasons why people spend

A

The desire to own or want something
Fashionable
Cheap
Good value

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11
Q

Why do people save

A

So that they always have access to money and won’t run out as long as they’re cautious.
To have for later life

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12
Q

Extension of demand is

Contraction of demand is

A

Extension more/increase in supply or demand

Contraction less/decrease in supply or demand

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13
Q

Define effective demand

A

the level of demand that represents a real intention to purchase by people with the means to pay.

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14
Q

Describe determinants of demand and give examples

A

Provide of a good or service
Income of buyers
Quality of product

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15
Q

Describe a complimentary good with example

Define a substitute good with example

A

A good that goes well with another like bread and soup

A good you can have instead like coke instead of Pepsi

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16
Q

If taxes decrease people disposable income becomes higher meaning they can buy a good at a higher price and is willing to purchase more

A

.

17
Q

Define demand -

Define the term supply -

A

A request for a good or service

Provide or make a good or service available to people

18
Q

Explain supply curve

A

As more is demanded more is spent to help supply

19
Q

Determinants of supply

A

Taxes technology subsidies price expectations

20
Q

What causes a shift in demand curve?
Right
Left

A

Right more income rise in price of a substitute fall in price of a complimentary
Left a fall in income a fall in a substitute good and a rise in a complimentary good

21
Q

What causes a shift in supply curve?
Right
Left

A

Right Product efficiency improves so quicker to make

Left if cost of production increases

22
Q

What causes movement in a demand curve

A

The price of the good or service

23
Q

Market equilibrium means

A balance

A

A balance in the supply and demand curve.

Where the demand in the market is equal to the supply in the market

24
Q

Shifts in a demand or supply curve can create a new?

A

Market equilibrium

25
Q

Define subsidy

A

Government pays money to a local business to help them, and gain the money back usually through tax (like a government investment).

26
Q

The law of demand is that

A

There is an inverse relationship between the price of a good and demand

26
Q

Instead of increase and decrease use word

A

Extension and contraction

27
Q

Define surplus

A

An excess of production or supply

Extra

28
Q

What’s a subsidy for

A

To increase a business supply and decrease the market equilibrium price

29
Q

A Normal good is?

A

If income rises people buy more of it

30
Q

Define the term market

A

A regular gathering of people willing to buy products.

31
Q

Describe the four different types of markets

A

Perfect competition
Imperfect competition
Oligopoly
Monopoly

32
Q

Define market perfect competition

A

All firms sell identical products
Can’t control market
Small market share
Buyers have full info of product

33
Q

Define market imperfect

A

Unique

And hard to enter market

34
Q

Define oligopoly market

A

Few main producers with high concentration of market

35
Q

Describe market monopoly

A

Very unique market with no one near a substitute of this product or good

36
Q

In demand curve what does
demand mean
Price mean

A

How much consumers are demanding

Price of the good (how much to buy for)

37
Q

In supply curve what does
Price stand for
Quantity

A

Price of the good (selling at)

Quantity being supplied

38
Q

Cost curve is for costs

A

,