Economics Flashcards by Terry Miley

Economics

How does a price increase affect supply?

When the prices of an item increases supply increases- because more sellers are willing to sell.

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Economics

What is a supply curve shift?

When supply changes due to something other than price.

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Economics

What are the characteristics of a positive supply curve shift (shift right)?

Supply increases at each price point

Higher Equilibrium GDP

Number of sellers increases - market can get flooded

Examples: Government subsidies or technology improvements that decrease costs for suppliers

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Economics

What are the characteristics of a negative supply curve shift (shift left)?

Supply decreases at each price point

Lower Equilibrium GDP

Cost of producing item increases

Examples: Shortage of gold- so less gold watches are made; wars or crises in rice-producing countries means there is less rice on the market

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Economics

How does price affect the demand for an item?

When the prices of an item increases- demand for it decreases.

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Economics

What is a Demand Curve Shift?

When demand changes due to something other than price.

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Economics

What is a Positive Demand Curve Shift (Shift Right)?

When demand increases at each price point

Price of substitutes go up - price of beef rises- so people buy more chicken

Future price increase is expected - War in Middle East- people go out and buy gas

Market expands - i.e. people get new free health care plan- demand at clinic rises

Expansion - more spending increases equilibrium GDP

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Economics

What is a Negative Demand Curve Shift (Shift Left)?

Demand decreases at each price point.

Price of complement goes up - price of beef goes up- less demand for ketchup

Boycott - Company commits social blunder- consumers boycott

Consumer income rises - Demand for inferior goods drops as people have more money to spend

Consumer tastes change

Contraction - less spending decreases equilibrium GDP

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Economics

What is the Marginal Propensity to Consume?

How much you spend when your income increases

Calculate: Change in Spending / Change in Income

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Economics

What is the Marginal Propensity to Save?

How much you save when income increases

Calculate: Change in Savings / Change in Income

Also equals 1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume

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Economics

How is the multiplier effect calculated?

(1 / 1-MPC) x Change in Spending

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Economics

How does increased spending by consumers and the government affect the demand curve?

As spending by consumers or the government increases- the demand curve increases (shifts right).

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Economics

How does spending change due to the multiplier effect?

The increase in demand ends up being larger than the amount of additional income spent in the economy due to the multiplier effect.

One consumer spends money- which:

Increases the income of a business
Increases the income of a vendor
Increases income of employees
Increases tax revenue

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Economics

How is Price Elasticity of Demand calculated?

% Change in Quantity Demand / % Change in Price

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Economics

Under elastic demand- how does price affect revenues?

Price increases- Revenue decreases

Price decreases- Revenue increases

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Economics

What conditions would indicate Elastic Demand?

Many substitutes (luxury items)
Considered elastic if elasticity is greater than 1
10% drop in demand / 8% increase in price = 1.25 (Elastic)

Price increases- Revenue decreases
Price decreases- Revenue increases

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Economics

How does revenue react to price under Inelastic Demand?

Price increases- Revenue increases

Price decreases- Revenue decreases

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Economics

What conditions would indicate Inelastic Demand?

Few substitutes (groceries- gasoline)
Considered inelastic if coefficient of elasticity is less than 1
5% drop in demand / 10% increase in price = .5 (inelastic)

Price increases- Revenue increases
Price decreases- Revenue decreases

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Economics

What is Unitary Demand?

Total revenue will remain the same if price is increased

Considered unitary if coefficient of elasticity = 1

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Economics

How is Income Elasticity of Demand calculated?

% Change Quantity Demanded / % Change in Income

Normal goods greater than 1 (demand increases more than income)

Inferior goods less than 1 (demand increases less than income)

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Economics

What conditions occur under periods of inflation?

Interest rates increase
Reduced demand for loans
Reduced demand for houses- autos- etc.
Value of bonds and fixed income securities decrease
Inferior good demand to increase
Foreign goods more affordable than domestic
Demand for domestic goods decrease

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Economics

What happens under Demand-Pull inflation?

Overall spending increases

Demand increases (shifts right)

Market equilibrium price increases

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Economics

What happens under Cost-Push inflation?

Overall production costs increase
Supply decreases (shifts left)
Market equilibrium price increases

Note: Demand-Pull and Cost-Push Inflation BOTH result in market equilibrium price to increase

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Economics

What is the Equilibrium Price?

The price where Quantity Supplied = Quantity Demanded

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# Economics What is Optimal Production?

When Marginal Revenue = Marginal Cost

# Economics What is the result of a Price Floor?

Causes a surplus if above equilibrium price.

# Economics What is GDP (Gross Domestic Product)?

The annual value of all goods and services produced domestically at current prices by consumers- businesses- the government- and foreign companies with domestic interests Included: Foreign company has US Factory Not included: US company has foreign factory

# Economics What is included under the income approach for calculating GDP?

``` Sole Proprietor and Corp Income Passive Income Taxes Employee Salaries Foreign Income Adjustments Depreciation ```

# Economics What is included under the Expenditure Approach for calculating GDP?

Individual Consumption Private Investment Government Purchases Net Exports

# Economics What is Nominal GDP?

Measures goods/services in current prices.

# Economics For what is a GDP Deflator used?

Used to convert GDP to Real GDP

# Economics What is Real GDP?

Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator x 100

# Economics What is Gross National Product (GNP)?

Like GDP; Swaps foreign production. US Firms overseas are included- Foreign firms domestically are not included

# Economics What is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)? How is it applied?

Price of goods relative to an earlier period of time- which is the benchmark. Year 1 = 1.0 ((CPI Current - CPI Last) ÷ CPI Last) * 100

# Economics How is disposable income calculated?

Personal Income - Personal Taxes

# Economics How is Return to Scale calculated?

% Increase in output / % Increase in input Greater than 1 = Increasing returns to scale Less than 1 = Decreasing returns to scale

# Economics When is the economy in Recession?

When GDP growth is negative for two consecutive quarters.

# Economics What is a Depression?

A prolonged- severe recession with high unemployment rates No requisite period of time for the economy to officially be in a depression

# Economics What are the stages of the Economic Cycle?

``` Peak (highest) Recession (decreasing) Trough (lowest) Recover (increasing) Expansion (higher again) ```

# Economics What are leading indicators?

Conditions that occur before a recession or before a recovery Example: Stock Market or New Housing Starts

# Economics What are lagging indicators?

Conditions that occur after a recession or after a recovery Examples: Prime Interest Rates- Unemployment

# Economics What are coincident indicators?

Conditions that occur during a recession or during a recovery Example: Manufacturing output

# Economics Which people are included in the calculation of unemployment?

Only people looking for jobs

# Economics What is Cyclical Unemployment?

GDP doesn’t grow fast enough to employ all people who are looking for work Example: People are unemployed in 2010 because there aren’t enough jobs available due to the economy

# Economics What is Frictional Unemployment?

People are changing jobs or entering the work force. This is a normal aspect of full employment. Example: A recent college graduate is looking for a job

# Economics What is Structural Unemployment?

A worker’s job skills do not match those necessary to get a job so they need education or training Example: A construction worker wants to work in an office- so they quit their job and get computer training

# Economics How does inflation relate to unemployment?

High Unemployment = Low Inflation (Vice Versa)

# Economics What is the Discount Rate?

The rate a bank pays to borrow from the Fed.

# Economics What is the Prime Rate?

The rate a bank charges their best customers on short-term borrowings.

# Economics What is the Real Interest Rate?

Inflation-adjusted interest rate

# Economics What is the Nominal Rate?

Rate that uses current prices

# Economics What is the Risk-Free Rate?

Rate for a loan with 100% certainty of payback. Usually results in a lower rate. US Treasuries are an example.

# Economics What is included in the M1 money supply?

Currency- Coins- and Deposits

# Economics What is included in the M2 money supply?

Highly liquid assets other than currency- coins or deposits

# Economics What is Deficit Spending?

Increased spending levels without increased tax revenue. Lower taxes without decrease in spending Gamble that the multiplier effect will take over and boost economy

# Economics How can the Fed control the money supply?

By buying and selling the government's securities.

# Economics How does the Fed control economy-wide interest rates?

By adjusting the discount rate charged to banks

# Economics What is a Tariff?

A tax on imported goods

# Economics What is a quota?

A limit on the number of goods that can be imported

# Economics How do international trade restrictions affect domestic producers?

They are good for domestic producers. Demand curve shifts right Fewer substitutes They can charge higher prices

# Economics How to international trade restrictions affect foreign producers?

They are bad for foreign producers Demand curve shifts left Fewer buyers They must charge lower prices

# Economics How do international trade restrictions affect foreign consumers?

They are good for foreign consumers Supply curve shifts right Goods purchased at lower prices in the foreign markets

# Economics How do international trade restrictions affect domestic consumers?

They are bad for domestic consumers Supply curve shifts left Fewer goods bought due to higher prices

# Economics What is Accounting Cost?

Explicit (Actual) cost of operating a business Implicit costs are opportunity costs

# Economics What is Accounting Profit?

Revenue - Accounting Cost

# Economics What is Economic Cost?

Explicit + Implicit Cost

# Economics What is Economic Profit?

Revenue - Economic Cost