Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BEC2015 > Economics > Flashcards

Economics Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Fundamental Law of Demand states?

A

It states that the price of a product/service and the quantity demanded of that product/service are INVERSELY related due to the Substitution Effect and the Income Effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Substitution Effect?

A

Consumers tend to purchase more (less) of a good when its price falls (rises).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Income Effect?

A

When prices are lowered (income kept constant) consumers will purchase more of the lowered-price product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the factors that shift Aggregate Demand (macro - overall economy)?

A

Factors that shift aggregate demand include changes in CREEGC:
Consumer wealth
Real Interest rates
Expectations regarding future economic outlook
Exchange rates
Government spending
Consumer taxes (personal income taxes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the factors that shift the Demand Curve (micro - firm level - individual products)?

A

Factors that shift the Demand Curve include changes in WRITTEN:
Wealth
Related good’s prices (substitutes or complements)
Income (consumer)
Tastes and preferences (consumer)
Expectations (consumer)
Number of buyers served by the market

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a Demand Curve Shift?

A

When demand changes due to something other than price.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a Positive Demand Curve Shift (Shift Right)?

A

When demand increases at each price point
Price of substitutes go up - price of beef rises- so people buy more chicken
Future price increase is expected - War in Middle East- people go out and buy gas
Market expands - i.e. people get new free health care plan- demand at clinic rises
Expansion - more spending increases equilibrium GDP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Negative Demand Curve Shift (Shift Left)?

A

Demand decreases at each price point.
Price of complement goes up - price of beef goes up- less demand for ketchup
Boycott - Company commits social blunder- consumers boycott
Consumer income rises - Demand for inferior goods drops as people have more money to spend
Consumer tastes change
Contraction - less spending decreases equilibrium GDP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Marginal Propensity to Consume?

A

How much you spend when your income increases

Calculate: Change in Spending / Change in Income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Marginal Propensity to Save?

A

How much you save when income increases

Calculate: Change in Savings / Change in Income

Also equals 1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the multiplier effect calculated?

A

(1 / 1-MPC) x Change in Spending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does increased spending by consumers and the government affect the demand curve?

A

As spending by consumers or the government increases- the demand curve increases (shifts right).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does spending change due to the multiplier effect?

A

The increase in demand ends up being larger than the amount of additional income spent in the economy due to the multiplier effect.

One consumer spends money- which:
*Increases the income of a business
*Increases the income of a vendor
*Increases income of employees
*Increases tax revenue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is Price Elasticity of Demand calculated?

A

% Change in Quantity Demand / % Change in Price

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Under elastic demand- how does price affect revenues?

A

Price increases - Revenue decreases

Price decreases - Revenue increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What conditions would indicate Elastic Demand?

A

Many substitutes (luxury items)Considered elastic if elasticity is greater than 110% drop in demand / 8% increase in price : 1.25 (Elastic)Price increases- Revenue decreasesPrice decreases- Revenue increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does revenue react to price under Inelastic Demand?

A

Price increases - Revenue increases

Price decreases - Revenue decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What conditions would indicate Inelastic Demand?

A

The inelasticity of Demand is the idea that demand will remain relatively unchanged in responses to changes in prices. When a good is inelastic it the good will have few or no substitutes (groceries- gasoline).
The good is considered inelastic if coefficient of elasticity is less than 1.
A 15% drop in demand / 10% increase in price = 00.5 (inelastic)
Price increases = Revenue increases
Price decreases = Revenue decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Unitary Demand?

A

Total revenue will remain the same if price is increased

Considered unitary if coefficient of elasticity : 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is Income Elasticity of Demand calculated?

A

% Change Quantity Demanded / % Change in Income
Normal goods greater than 1 (demand increases more than income)
Inferior goods less than 1 (demand increases less than income)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What conditions occur under periods of inflation?

A

Interest rates increase
Reduced demand for loans - Reduced demand for houses- autos- etc.
Value of bonds and fixed income securities decrease
Inferior goods demand increase
Foreign goods more affordable than domestic
Demand for domestic goods decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens under Demand-Pull inflation?

A

Overall spending increases
Demand increases (shifts right)
Market equilibrium price increases
Note: Demand-Pull and Cost-Push Inflation BOTH result in market equilibrium price to increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens under Cost-Push inflation?

A

Overall production costs increase
Supply decreases (shifts left)
Market equilibrium price increases
Note: Demand-Pull and Cost-Push Inflation BOTH result in market equilibrium price to increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Equilibrium Price?

A

A Market Equilibrium Price and Output is the point on the graph where the supply and demand curves intersect. This is also called the market’s clearing price.
The price where Quantity Supplied : Quantity Demanded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Optimal Production?

A

When Marginal Revenue : Marginal Cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the result of a Price Floor?

A

Causes a surplus if above equilibrium price.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is GDP (Gross Domestic Product)?

A

The annual value of all goods and services produced domestically at current prices.
(by consumers- businesses- the government- and foreign companies with domestic interestsIncluded: Foreign company has US FactoryNot included: US company has foreign factory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is included under the income approach for calculating GDP?

A

Sole Proprietor and Corp Income
Passive Income
Taxes
Employee Salaries
Foreign Income Adjustments
Depreciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is included under the Expenditure Approach for calculating GDP?

A 
GICE
Government Purchases
Individual Consumption
Private Investment
Net Exports
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Nominal GDP?

A

Measures goods/services in current prices. (Not adjusted for inflation)
Nominal GDP = Real GDP X GDP deflator %

31
Q

For what is a GDP Deflator used?

A

Used to convert GDP to Real GDP

32
Q

What is Real GDP?

A

Measures good/services in constant prices. (Adjusted for inflation)
Real GDP = Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator x 100

33
Q

What is Gross National Product (GNP)?

A

Like GDP; Swaps foreign production. US Firms overseas are included- Foreign firms domestically are not included

GNP is the measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced by RESIDENTS of a country, regardless whether or not goods are produced domestically or abroad.

34
Q

What is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)? How is it applied?

A

Price of goods relative to an earlier period of time- which is the benchmark. Year 1 : 1.0

((CPI Current - CPI Last) / CPI Last) * 100

35
Q

How is disposable income calculated?

A

Personal Income - Personal Taxes

36
Q

How is Return to Scale calculated?

A

% Increase in output / % Increase in input

Greater than 1 : Increasing returns to scale

Less than 1 : Decreasing returns to scale

37
Q

When is the economy in Recession?

A

When GDP growth is negative for two consecutive quarters.

38
Q

What is a Depression?

A

A prolonged- severe recession with high unemployment rates

No requisite period of time for the economy to officially be in a depression

39
Q

What are the stages of the Economic Cycle?

A

Peak (highest)
Recession (decreasing)
Trough (lowest)
Recover (increasing)
Expansion (higher again)

40
Q

What are leading indicators?

A

Conditions that occur before a recession or before a recovery

Example: Stock Market or New Housing Starts

41
Q

What are lagging indicators?

A

Conditions that occur after a recession or after a recovery

Examples: Prime Interest Rates- Unemployment

42
Q

What are coincident indicators?

A

Conditions that occur during a recession or during a recovery

Example: Manufacturing output

43
Q

Which people are included in the calculation of unemployment?

A

Only people looking for jobs

44
Q

What is Cyclical Unemployment?

A

GDP doesn’t grow fast enough to employ all people who are looking for work

Example: People are unemployed in 2010 because there aren’t enough jobs available due to the economy

45
Q

What is Frictional Unemployment?

A

People are changing jobs or entering the work force. This is a normal aspect of full employment.

Example: A recent college graduate is looking for a job

46
Q

What is Structural Unemployment?

A

A worker’s job skills do not match those necessary to get a job so they need education or training

Example: A construction worker wants to work in an office- so they quit their job and get computer training

47
Q

How does inflation relate to unemployment?

A

High Unemployment : Low Inflation (Vice Versa)

48
Q

What is the Discount Rate?

A

The rate a bank pays to borrow from the Fed.

49
Q

What is the Prime Rate?

A

The rate a bank charges their best customers on short-term borrowings.

50
Q

What is the Real Interest Rate?

A

Inflation-adjusted interest rate

51
Q

What is the Nominal Rate?

A

Rate that uses current prices

52
Q

What is the Risk-Free Rate?

A

Rate for a loan with 100% certainty of payback.

Usually results in a lower rate.

US Treasuries are an example.

53
Q

What is included in the M1 money supply?

A

Currency- Coins- and Deposits

54
Q

What is included in the M2 money supply?

A

Highly liquid assets other than currency- coins or deposits

55
Q

What is Deficit Spending?

A

Increased spending levels without increased tax revenue.

Lower taxes without decrease in spending

Gamble that the multiplier effect will take over and boost economy

56
Q

How can the Fed control the money supply?

A

By buying and selling the government’s securities.

57
Q

How does the Fed control economy-wide interest rates?

A

By adjusting the discount rate charged to banks

58
Q

What is a Tariff?

A

A tax on imported goods

59
Q

What is a quota?

A

A limit on the number of goods that can be imported

60
Q

How do international trade restrictions affect domestic producers?

A

They are good for domestic producers.

Demand curve shifts right

Fewer substitutes

They can charge higher prices

61
Q

How to international trade restrictions affect foreign producers?

A

They are bad for foreign producers

Demand curve shifts left

Fewer buyers

They must charge lower prices

62
Q

How do international trade restrictions affect foreign consumers?

A

They are good for foreign consumers

Supply curve shifts right

Goods purchased at lower prices in the foreign markets

63
Q

How do international trade restrictions affect domestic consumers?

A

They are bad for domestic consumers

Supply curve shifts left

Fewer goods bought due to higher prices

64
Q

What is Accounting Cost?

A

Explicit (Actual) cost of operating a business

Implicit costs are opportunity costs

65
Q

What is Accounting Profit?

A

Revenue - Accounting Cost

66
Q

What is Economic Cost?

A

Explicit + Implicit Cost

67
Q

What is Economic Profit?

A

Revenue - Economic Cost

68
Q

What are the two approaches to calculate GDP?

A

The expenditure approach (GICE) and the income approach (IPIRATED).

69
Q

What is the expenditure approach

A 
GICE
Government Purchases
Gross Domestic Investment
Personal Consumption
Net Exports
70
Q

What is a supply curve shift?

A

When supply changes due to something other than price.

71
Q

What are the characteristics of a negative supply curve shift (shift left)?

A

Supply decreases at each price pointLower Equilibrium GDPCost of producing item increases Examples: Shortage of gold- so less gold watches are made; wars or crises in rice-producing countries means there is less rice on the market

72
Q

What are the characteristics of a positive supply curve shift (shift right)?

A

Supply increases at each price pointHigher Equilibrium GDPNumber of sellers increases - market can get floodedExamples: Government subsidies or technology improvements that decrease costs for suppliers

73
Q

How does a price increase affect supply?

A

When the prices of an item increases supply increases- because more sellers are willing to sell.

74
Q

How does price affect the demand for an item?

A

When the prices of an item increases- demand for it decreases.

BEC2015 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions