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BEC NINJA Flashcards 2015 > Economics > Flashcards

Economics Flashcards

1
Q

How does a price increase affect supply?

A

When the prices of an item increases supply increases- because more sellers are willing to sell.

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2
Q

What is a supply curve shift?

A

When supply changes due to something OTHER THAN PRICE

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a positive supply curve shift (shift right)?

A
  • Price decreases / Supply increases at each price point
  • Increase Equilibrium GDP
  • Number of sellers increases - market can get flooded
  • Unemployment decreases
  • Profits increase

*Causes: Government subsidies or technology improvements that decrease costs for suppliers

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a negative supply curve shift (shift left)?

A
  • Price Increase / Supply decreases at each price point
  • Decrease Equilibrium GDP
  • Profits decrease
  • Unemployment increases

*Causes: Shortage of gold- so less gold watches are made; wars or crises in rice-producing countries means there is less rice on the market

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5
Q

How does price affect the demand for an item?

A
  • When price increases, demand decreases

- When price decreases, demand increases

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6
Q

What is a Demand Curve Shift?

A

When demand changes due to something OTHER THAN PRICE

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7
Q

What is a Positive Demand Curve Shift (Shift Right)?

A
  • GDP Increases
  • Profits Increase
  • Unemployment decreases
  • Prices increase
  • Causes: 1) Price of substitutes go up: price of beef rises, so people buy more chicken
    2) Future price increase is expected: War in Middle East, so people go out and buy gas
    3) Market expands: new free health care plan, so demand at clinic rises
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8
Q

What is a Negative Demand Curve Shift (Shift Left)?

A
  • Price decreases / Demand decreases at each price point
  • GDP decreases
  • Profits decrease
  • Unemployment increases
  • Casues: 1) Price of complement goes up: price of beef goes up, less demand for A-1 steak sauce
    2) Boycott: Company commits social blunder- consumers boycott
    3) Consumer income rises, so demand for inferior goods drops as people have > $ to spend
    4) Consumer tastes change
    5) Contraction - less spending decreases equilibrium GDP
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9
Q

What is the Marginal Propensity to Consume?

A

How much you spend when your income increases. The MPC is generally less than one bc ppl tend to save part of their income.

MPC = Change in Spending / Change in Income

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10
Q

What is the Marginal Propensity to Save?

A

How much you save when income increases

MPS = Change in Savings / Change in Income
OR
MPS = 1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume

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11
Q

What is the Multiplier Effect & how is it calculated?

A

Refers to the fact that an increase in consumer spending produces a multiplied increase in the level of economic activity.

Multiplier = 1 / (1 - MPC)
Change in Real GDP = Multiplier = Change in Spending

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12
Q

How does increased spending by consumers and the government affect the demand curve?

A

As spending by consumers or the government increases- the demand curve increases (shifts right).

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13
Q

How does spending change due to the multiplier effect?

A

The increase in demand ends up being larger than the amount of additional income spent in the economy due to the multiplier effect. One consumer spends money- which:Increases the income of a businessIncreases the income of a vendorIncreases income of employeesIncreases tax revenue

Ex: If MPC = 0.8, then an increase in spending of $100 = $500 increase in real GDP.
**[1/(1-0.8)] x $100 = $500

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14
Q

How is Price Elasticity of Demand calculated?

A

% Change in Quantity Demand / % Change in Price

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15
Q

Under elastic demand- how does price affect revenues?

A

Price increases- Revenue decreases

Price decreases- Revenue increases

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16
Q

What conditions would indicate Elastic Demand?

A

Many substitutes (luxury items)
Considered elastic if elasticity is greater than 1
10% drop in demand / 8% increase in price : 1.25 (Elastic)

Price increases- Revenue decreases
Price decreases- Revenue increases

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17
Q

How does revenue react to price under Inelastic Demand?

A

Price increases- Revenue increases

Price decreases- Revenue decreases

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18
Q

What conditions would indicate Inelastic Demand?

A

Few substitutes (groceries- gasoline)
Considered inelastic if coefficient of elasticity is less than 1
5% drop in demand / 10% increase in price : .5 (inelastic)

Price increases- Revenue increases
Price decreases- Revenue decreases

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19
Q

What is Unitary Demand?

A

Total revenue will remain the same if price is increased

Considered unitary if coefficient of elasticity : 1

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20
Q

How is Income Elasticity of Demand calculated?

A

% Change Quantity Demanded / % Change in Income

Normal goods greater than 1 (demand increases more than income)

Inferior goods less than 1 (demand increases less than income)

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21
Q

What conditions occur under periods of inflation?

A

Interest rates increase
Reduced demand for loans
Reduced demand for houses- autos- etc.
Value of bonds and fixed income securities decrease
Inferior good demand to increase
Foreign goods more affordable than domestic
Demand for domestic goods decrease

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22
Q

What happens under Demand-Pull inflation?

A

Overall spending increases

Demand increases (shifts right)

Market equilibrium price increases

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23
Q

What happens under Cost-Push inflation?

A

Overall production costs increase
Supply decreases (shifts left)
Market equilibrium price increases

Note: Demand-Pull and Cost-Push Inflation BOTH result in market equilibrium price to increase

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24
Q

What is the Equilibrium Price?

A

The price where Quantity Supplied : Quantity Demanded

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25
Q

What is Optimal Production?

A

When Marginal Revenue : Marginal Cost

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26
Q

What is the result of a Price Floor?

A

Causes a surplus if above equilibrium price.

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27
Q

What is GDP (Gross Domestic Product)?

A

The total value of all final goods and services produced domestically, within the borders of a nation regardless of who owns the resources, in a particular time period.

*Includes the output of foreign-owned factories in the US, but excludes the output of US-owned factories operating abroad.

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28
Q

What is included under the income approach for calculating GDP?

A

Sole Proprietor and Corp Income
Passive Income
Taxes
Employee Salaries
Foreign Income Adjustments
Depreciation

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29
Q

What is included under the Expenditure Approach for calculating GDP?

A

Individual Consumption

Private Investment

Government Purchases

Net Exports

30
Q

What is Nominal GDP?

A
  • Measures the value of all final goods/services in current prices.
  • Unadjusted GDP
31
Q

For what is a GDP Deflator used?

A
  • It is the price index used to calculate real GDP.

- Used to convert nominal GDP to Real GDP

32
Q

What is Real GDP?

A
  • Real GDP measures the value of all final goods & services in constant prices. It is adjusted to account for changes in price level by using a price index to remove the effects of inflation.
  • Adjusted GDP

Real GDP = (Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator) x 100

33
Q

What is Gross National Product (GNP)?

A

Like GDP; Swaps foreign production. US Firms overseas are included- Foreign firms domestically are not included

34
Q

What is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)? How is it applied?

A

Price of goods relative to an earlier period of time- which is the benchmark. Year 1 : 1.0

((CPI Current - CPI Last) / CPI Last) * 100

35
Q

How is disposable income calculated?

A

Personal Income - Personal Taxes

36
Q

How is Return to Scale calculated?

A

% Increase in output / % Increase in input

Greater than 1 : Increasing returns to scale

Less than 1 : Decreasing returns to scale

37
Q

When is the economy in Recession?

A

When GDP growth is negative for two consecutive quarters.

38
Q

What is a Depression?

A

A prolonged- severe recession with high unemployment rates

No requisite period of time for the economy to officially be in a depression

39
Q

What are the stages of the Economic Cycle?

A

Peak (highest)
Recession (decreasing)
Trough (lowest)
Recover (increasing)
Expansion (higher again)

40
Q

What are leading indicators?

A

Conditions that occur before a recession or before a recovery

Example: Stock Market or New Housing Starts

41
Q

What are lagging indicators?

A

Conditions that occur after a recession or after a recovery

Examples: Prime Interest Rates- Unemployment

42
Q

What are coincident indicators?

A

Conditions that occur during a recession or during a recovery

Example: Manufacturing output

43
Q

Which people are included in the calculation of unemployment?

A

Only people looking for jobs

44
Q

What is Cyclical Unemployment?

A

GDP doesn’t grow fast enough to employ all people who are looking for work

Example: People are unemployed in 2010 because there aren’t enough jobs available due to the economy

45
Q

What is Frictional Unemployment?

A

People are changing jobs or entering the work force. This is a normal aspect of full employment.

Example: A recent college graduate is looking for a job

46
Q

What is Structural Unemployment?

A

A worker’s job skills do not match those necessary to get a job so they need education or training

Example: A construction worker wants to work in an office- so they quit their job and get computer training

47
Q

How does inflation relate to unemployment?

A

High Unemployment : Low Inflation (Vice Versa)

48
Q

What is the Discount Rate?

A

The rate a bank pays to borrow from the Fed.

49
Q

What is the Prime Rate?

A

The rate a bank charges their best customers on short-term borrowings.

50
Q

What is the Real Interest Rate?

A

Inflation-adjusted interest rate

51
Q

What is the Nominal Rate?

A

Rate that uses current prices

52
Q

What is the Risk-Free Rate?

A

Rate for a loan with 100% certainty of payback.

Usually results in a lower rate.

US Treasuries are an example.

53
Q

What is included in the M1 money supply?

A

Currency- Coins- and Deposits

54
Q

What is included in the M2 money supply?

A

Highly liquid assets other than currency- coins or deposits

55
Q

What is Deficit Spending?

A

Increased spending levels without increased tax revenue.

Lower taxes without decrease in spending

Gamble that the multiplier effect will take over and boost economy

56
Q

How can the Fed control the money supply?

A

By buying and selling the government’s securities.

57
Q

How does the Fed control economy-wide interest rates?

A

By adjusting the discount rate charged to banks

58
Q

What is a Tariff?

A

A tax on imported goods

59
Q

What is a quota?

A

A limit on the number of goods that can be imported

60
Q

How do international trade restrictions affect domestic producers?

A

They are good for domestic producers.

Demand curve shifts right

Fewer substitutes

They can charge higher prices

61
Q

How to international trade restrictions affect foreign producers?

A

They are bad for foreign producers

Demand curve shifts left

Fewer buyers

They must charge lower prices

62
Q

How do international trade restrictions affect foreign consumers?

A

They are good for foreign consumers

Supply curve shifts right

Goods purchased at lower prices in the foreign markets

63
Q

How do international trade restrictions affect domestic consumers?

A

They are bad for domestic consumers

Supply curve shifts left

Fewer goods bought due to higher prices

64
Q

What is Accounting Cost?

A

Explicit (Actual) cost of operating a business

Implicit costs are opportunity costs

65
Q

What is Accounting Profit?

A

Revenue - Accounting Cost

66
Q

What is Economic Cost?

A

Explicit + Implicit Cost

67
Q

What is Economic Profit?

A

Revenue - Economic Cost

68
Q

How do you calculate the change (%) in real GDP for the economy?

A

% Change = (Current Yr Real GDP / Prior Yr Real GDP) - 1

69
Q

What is Real GDP per Capita & why is it used?

A
  • It is real GDP divided by population.
  • It’s the measure most often used to compare standards of living across countries or across time, & also used to measure economic growth.
70
Q

What is Economic Growth?

A

The increase in Real GDP per capita over time.

71
Q

What factors shift aggregate demand?

A 
**Think: TWICE Government
T - Taxes
W - Wealth
I - Interest Rates
C - Consumer Confidence (future expectations)
E - Exchange Rates
G - Government Spending
72
Q

What are economic fluctuations (or business cycles)?

A

Business cycles refer to the “rise & fall” in the level of economic activity relative to its long-term growth trend.
(Growth refers to the average over a long-term period.)

BEC NINJA Flashcards 2015 (9 decks)

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