Economic Policies: Lenin to Andropov Flashcards

Question

stalin economic policies

Answer 1

command economy By 1928 decision made to move towards command economy Harsh labour laws i.e fines for absenteeism

Answer 2

the dramatic transformation of soviet agriculture from individual farming NEP to collective farms

Answer 3

ink with industry where they thought there was urgent need to industrialise due to fear of invasion, as well as the economic case for increasing efficiency to become more aligned with Europe’s efficiency. There was also political motivation of to help extend communism to countryside (support weak esp. Tambov Uprising)

Answer 4

1. Dec27 15th Party congress = voluntary collectivisation 2. 28 Food shortages -> forced requisitioning as temp. Emergencty measure (‘Ural-siberian method’) 3. Liquidation of Kulaks (rich peasants who had own land) 4. Local Party officials announce intro. Collective farms (kolkhoz) 5. Promises of Machine and Tractor Stations (MTS) ((gov. Run centres that supplied farm machinery i.e tractors) 6. Kulaks -> richer peasants -> labelled as ‘class enemies’ and deported to siberia and the Urals → dekulakisation 7. (March 1930) -> only last for 1 yr crops => allow some animals and small plot for personal use -> Stalins’ ‘Dizzy with success’ article -> blaming overzealous local party officials for ‘excesses’

Answer 5

By 1932 63.2% peasant households collectivisation and 93% in 1937

Answer 6

Sluggish recovery Relatively good harvest 1933 Good weather 1937 harvest Fall in animal fodder demand = grain human consumption Aim of producing enough food to feed towns and red army achieved Impose party control over the countryside 1930 mir abolished and kolkhoz admin headed by by a chairman = party members Use of teenagers go spy on peasants in field to ensure they didn’t steal to feed own families

Answer 7

- supply of machinery slow - Required violence - slaughtering of anumals - removal of kulaks devestating - widespread famine

Answer 8

Grain fell 73.3 mn in 1928 to 67.6 mn in 1934

Answer 9

de-kulakisation squads’ -> in response to many kulaks set fire to land and slaughtering animals esp. Ukraine and caucasus ‘Twenty-five thousanders’ forciblyy collectivise Secret police and PLA

Answer 10

Many w/out tractors till mid-1930s

Answer 11

Oft most productive Grain fell 73.3 mn in 1928 to 67.6 mn in 1934

Answer 12

Livestock between 1928 and 1933 of cattle halved and didnt fully recover to 1953 Decline in animals = lack haulage power = peasants pull ploughs Food shortages of meat and milk

Answer 13

1932-33 Particularly ukraine Kazakhstan + caucasus region Seized for foreign exchange Passport system prevent peasants leaving collectives -> serfdom (essentially) Eat own children 4 mn deaths in 1933 alone

Answer 14

Link system (enable peasant to sell for profits) abolished Taxes increased on private plots Concentration of agr. Rss ia MTS Larger collectives _> 1949 K promote idea -> by 1952, 100,000 collectives formed ->unpopular Stalin's grandiose plans -> i.e attempts to utilise semi-desert regions by plantain trees failed -> trees died

Answer 15

Low production - Drought 1946 + famine in Ukraine 1947 - Imbalance between the sexes Shortage of males -> losses of war & able-bodied men move towns for work As late as 1950 possible to find entire villages populated with women and children

Answer 16

1- 1952 graine production below 1940 and productivity lower than 1913

Answer 17

- 1st 5-yr plan (28-32) - heavy industry 2nd 5-yr plan - (33- 37) consumer goods but redirect to defence (Hitler) 3 - 5 yr plan (launch 38) (arms production) 4th 5 yr plan 5th 5yr plan

Answer 18

turn USSR into a modern, industrialised superpower ‘we are 50 to 100 yrs behind the advanced countries…either we do or we shall be crushed’

Answer 19

- Industrial expansion(FP) - Regional development (2+3) - Improved transport - During 1st 5 yr plan labour productivity relatively low -> initiate stakhanovite movement ->

Answer 20

= Regional development (2+3) - Trad. industrial centres (Leningrad + Moscow) - new industrial centres located in remoter areas i.e Kazakhstan - Deliberate policy of placing factories east of Ural Mountains, in case of west attack

Answer 21

- More efficient use of existing factories - Large industrial centres built i.e Magnitogorsk - Greater use of technical expertise + new industrial centres producing (2+3) - Coal rose substantially, chemical industry process (Oil disappointing) - Completion of projects which provide power for the growth of industry

Answer 22

grew 10000x from 29

Answer 23

4-fold increase in production of steel and 6-fold in coal

Answer 24

27 % growth rate

Answer 25

1935 moscow metro Moscow volga canal opened in 1937

Answer 26

- authorised a system of higher payments as a reward for most productive + propaganda campaign - -praised the work of coal miner Stakhanov mined 14 times his quota in single shift - Productivity rose between 25% and 50%

Answer 27

- Human cost (FP) - Poor quality (FP) - uneven development

Answer 28

- Rush to fulfil unrealistic targets quality sacrificed - Stalingrad factory 1930 was supposed to produce 500 tractors a month, jun = 8 most broke down 3 days later

Answer 29

- Consumer industry largely ignored - Approximately 80% or more of the total investment during the First Five-Year Plan was directed towards heavy industry - Production of textiles declined 1st 5-yr plan - Housing industry virtually ignored (cause issues for Khrushchev) - Cottage industry in countryside destroyed - Devastating consequences rest of USSR existence -> largely contribute to downfall

Answer 30

- use slave labour to complete large building projects - Vast quantities of precious economic rss. In cold remote regions i.e siberia -> no volunteers - Labor camp prisons diverted - Most notorious = white sea canal project -> 180,000 prisoners by 1932 -> winter 1931-32 10,000 prisoners died -> hailed as propaganda triumph but reduced depth made it essentially useless - -ignored ala aim achieved

Answer 31

programme of reconstruction to restore economy to pre-war levels by using rigid state control - Oil production ⅔ - wool ½ of 1940 levels

Answer 32

Overall dramatic success - Investment into heavy industry Industrial output ^ - Some factories and mines esp. Metal producing regions of ukraine and siberia achieve pre war production rates by 1950 - Production of consumer good doubled ->> bu. Still scarce - By 1950 soviet econom was producing more coal, oil, electricity, iron and steel than 1940 - fastest growing in world

Answer 33

producing more coal, oil, electricity, iron and steel than 1940 - fastest growing in world

Answer 34

Heavy focus on military spending Emergence of Cold War in 1946 -> expand. Soviet military -> by 1949 successfully tested 1st atomic bomb = real achievements By 1952 ¼ of gov. Budget Inefficient -> issues with command economy Light industry failed to grow (12% investment) High tech production lacking -> geared to create vast quantities of material not quality of material and precision engineering.

Answer 35

Grandiose projects i.e volga-don canal -> little traffic but lots of statues of stalin

Answer 36

State control of economy, focus on industrialisation

Answer 37

Collectivisation = forced industrialisation

Answer 38

Felt the current system of command economy was clumsy and wasteful, central planning was a key issue

Answer 39

Harsh labour laws revoked _> had hindered initiative -> replaced with incentives K reduced 2uota _ intro. Higher prices for everything produced in addition to quota = 250% rise in farm incomes 1952-56

Answer 40

Regional Economic councils -> 105 sovnarkhozy supervise enterprise -> hope to take into account local conditions

Answer 41

Made it difficult for Gosplan to lan nationally, harder to take into account requirements of local enterprise Gosplan overwhelmed w/ work but less influence Division of party apparatus in 1962 added to confusion

Answer 42

1962 Called for greater autonomy for local managers and for the market to replace the state as decipher for prices

Answer 43

-> but reforms greatly watered down by conservatives in politburo

Answer 44

Great achievements in regards to space Sputnik 1st satellite 1957 1 dog 1961 Gagarin 1st man Soviet pride and encouraged citizens w/ 7 5yyr plan

Answer 45

Consumer goods more abundant ^ standard of living Annual growth rate 1950s was 7.1 % but still lagged behind US due to smaller economic base More choice but poor quality Targets met despite useless products common I.e shoe factory met target but heel nailed to toe

Answer 46

Military spending = cuts 12.1% of GDP 1955-> 9.1% 1958 Nuclear stand off -> 1962 increase spending -> by 1964 11% of GDP Raise coincide fall in economic growth

Answer 47

- larger collectives - Virgin Land Scheme - corn campaign - others

Answer 48

955 greater powers -> flexibility of ministry of agriculture directions implemented mts , a symbol of central and political influence abolished -> collectives buy own machinery -> naive Agro-industrial villages (agrogoroda) link food production and processing -> unpopular Greater concessions -> allow produce private plots and selling @ markets Higher productivity private plots Nearly all eggs produced private plots

Answer 49

Intro 1950 Encourage opening up new areas to agricultural production -> use youth league (Kosomol) volunteers) esp. Siberia and Kazakhstan 6 mn acres of land brought under cultivation

Answer 50

Initial extreme success Grain meat and milk ^ significantly between 53 + 58 Increased about 35.3% Greater availability of food + sofL Greater production led to 400% increase income farm workers

Answer 51

Expensive Kazakhstan dry need sophisticated irrigation systems Inefficient Labour intensive -> 44% farmers but 5% US and US produced 2 x as much Despite initial success failed to lad to further growth

Answer 52

Harvests 1959 and 60 slightly below 1958 1960 and 64 production slowly increased and approx 15 % higher than 58 but no where near K target proposed in 56

Answer 53

MTS abolished = less access to modern farmin equip. Centrally directed campaigns = ineffective -> didnt account for local conditions K advocate maize -> inappropriate to climate -. Waste rss Soviet planners deliver wrong fertiliser/when needed Constant reform of agricultural ministries = contradictory = confusion Inadequate storage facilities # Cut investment - 12.8%/yr 1954-59 -. 2% in 1960

Answer 54

What: from september 1958 K encouraged ukrainian farmers to grow maize -> shift wheat to virgin lands farms Aim: maize farms animals = more meat

Answer 55

Modeled of US but only produced 50% of corn per hectare as US -> climate, low labour productivity and inferior tractors and fertilisers More corn = lesshay Animal feed production dropped 30% between 1958 + 64

Answer 56

Promotion of light industry, chemicals and consumer goods via 7 yr plan (Jan 1959) AIM: increase production of consumer goods, increase production of chemical fertilisers to support K agr. Policies

Answer 57

Boost production of consumer goods and chemical fertillisers (60% increase CG)(fertiliser increase by 19mn tonnes)

Answer 58

Lower growth the expected Cons. goods. 5% below target Cjhemicals 20% below targets Contradictory reforms -> Feb 1957 decentralise Gosplan to 105 sovnarkhoz -> 1958-64 increased centralisation ->responsibilities for sovnarkhoz and central bodies uncleat 1957 decentralised economic reforms 1958-64 reassert control

Answer 59

Kosygin reforms (not approved by Brezhnev) What? = cut investment in most inefficient collectives and divert to light industry Give power to factory managers and judge success by profit> production Intro 1968 end august Conservatives in politburos led to end, little success And central planners disapproved as they had more accountable for policies they had less control over

Answer 60

Party reunited 7 yr plans abandoned -> continued to follow 5 yr plans from 19966

Answer 61

Increased military spending Aim: increase nuclear arsenal Increase from 11% GDp 1964 -> 13%GDp 1970

Answer 62

Aim: produce an economy in which there was job security and low prices Low food prices achieved by imports from west -> rather than expand VLS/initiate reform

Answer 63

Acceptance of second economy Black economy -> necessary evil ->> allow continue to increase access to consumer goods and food -> ^ sofL

Answer 64

Major industrial complexes joined / scientific research System of targets Consumer goods and 9th 5 yr plan

Answer 65

State control of economy, some reforms

Answer 66

Decentralisation, shift to consumer goods

Answer 67

State control of economy, some reforms

Answer 68

Limited market mechanisms some private enterpris

Answer 69

> 1964 -> 82

Answer 70

- anti-corruption campaign - anti-alcohol campaign - operation trawl

Answer 71

Anti-corruption campaign -> nov 1982 -> investigation of senior officials and industrial managers using soviet rss to make rich -> i.e Minister of interior Shchelokov

Answer 72

workers sacked for drunkeness + fined if damage machinery/products whilst drunk at work

Answer 73

Anti-drunkeness and anti-absenteeism campaign -> KGB visit parks, restaurants, train stations and arrest ppl who were drunk/absent from work

Answer 74

Reduction in consumption of traditional vodka Consumption of ‘andropovka’ a lowerquality cheaper vodka increased Pooerly enforced -> drunkenness and poor discipline ^

Answer 75

Focus on tech + anti-corruption Willing to accept that need for reform

Answer 76

State control of economy, focus on efficiency

Answer 77

Cut investment - 12.8%/yr 1954-59 -. 2% in 1960