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AA - GEOGRAPHY - MAIN > Economic Development - India > Flashcards

Economic Development - India Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of economy is India?

A

Newly Emerging Economy

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2
Q

What’s India’s population like?

A

2nd largest population in the world & still growing

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3
Q

Give some history about India

A

Was British colony until 1947 = now has own democratically elected government

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4
Q

What is the development like in India?

A

Medium level of development (HDI = 0.61)

  • Some people = very wealthy
    • But majority poor & over 20% of population live in poverty
  • Education is improving
    • But adult literacy rate is still less than 70%
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5
Q

Name 3 facts about India’s primary industry

A
  • Employs 50% of working population
  • Becoming smaller part of India’s economy
  • Makes up only 17% of its GDP
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6
Q

Name 3 facts about India’s secondary industry

A
  • Employ 22% workforce
  • Provide people with reliable jobs (compared to seasonal agricultural work)
  • Selling manufactured goods overseas = more income than selling raw materials
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7
Q

Name 3 facts about India’s tertiary and quaternary industry

A
  • Employs 29% of workforce
  • Contribute 53% to India’s GDP
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8
Q

Why has India’s tertiary and quaternary industry become much larger part of the economy? (2 reasons)

A

Due to growth in IT firms & supplying services for foreign companies

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9
Q

Give an example of a TNC in India and a fact about it

A

Unilever

1 of world’s biggest food and consumer goods manufacturers

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10
Q

Name 4 advantages of TNCs in India

A
  • Provide employment
  • More companies = greater income from tax
  • Some TNCs run programs to help development in India
  • Unilever works with charities
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11
Q

How many people do Unilever employ?

A

16,000 people

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12
Q

Describe one of Unilever’s programs to help development in India

A

Unilever’s Project Shakti

  • Helps poor women in rural villages to become entrepreneurs
    • By providing loans
      • products for them to sell in places that Unilever would struggle to supply
  • 45,000 women in this scheme
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13
Q

Explain how Unilever works with charities

A
  • Help run hygiene education programs
  • Provide sanitation to 115 million people
    • Improves health (& increase sales)
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14
Q

What is Hindustan Unilever annual sales?

A

$4.5 billion+

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15
Q

Name 3 disadvanatges of TNCs in India

A
  • Some profits from TNCs leave India (Unilever = Dutch-British company)
  • TNCs move around India to exploit local government incentives
  • TNCs cause environmental problems
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16
Q

Give an example of TNC causing environmental problems

A
  • Mercury-contaminated glass from Unilever factor (in Kodaikanal) = ended up in waste dump instead of being safely disposed
  • Mercury = environmental damage + healthy problems (e.g. brain damage)
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17
Q

What did Unilever do about the mercury incident and what were people’s responses?

A
  • Unilever did remove waste and dispose it & monitors area/those affected
    • But environmental + public interest groups = unhappy
18
Q

Give an example of a TNC moving around India to exploit local government incentives

A

Unilever closed factories in Dharwad and Mumbai once located tax breaks ended

19
Q

Describe India’s changing relationship with the wider world in recent years

A

Government has improved relations with its immediate neighbours & global trading partners

20
Q

Explain how international trade is growing in India (3x)

A
  • India reducing barriers to trade & encouraging FDI
  • Trade with foreign businesses (especially companies in large service sector doing office jobs) is increasing
  • India working with its neighbours to build TAPI pipeline to carry natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India
21
Q

Name 4 types of aid India receives

A
  • Short-term Aid
  • Long-term Aid
  • ‘Top-down’ Aid
  • ‘Bottom-up’ Aid
22
Q

What is short-term aid?

A
  • Intended to help recipient countries cope with emergencies
    • Can come from foreign governments or NGOs
23
Q

Give an example of short-term aid in India

A

e.g.

  • UK sent £10m, rescue team & 1200 tents after earthquake in 2001
  • NGOs like Oxfam provided supplies & temporary buildings
24
Q

What does the short-term aid help with?

A

Helps with immediate disaster relief

25
Q

What doesn’t the short-term aid help with?

A

Not able to help longer-term recovery efforts

26
Q

What is long-term aid?

A

Intended to help recipient countries funded to become more developed

27
Q

Give an example of long-term aid in India

A

Until 2015, India received £200m+ each year from UK to tackle poverty

28
Q

What is the downside of long-term aid in India

A

Impact can vary

India has problems with corruption and aid does not always reach poorest people

29
Q

What is ‘Top-down’ Aid?

A

When organisation or government revives aid & decides where it should be spent

30
Q

What is ‘Top-down’ Aid often used for?

A

Large infrastructure projects e.g. dams for hydroelectric power or irrigation schemes

31
Q

What can ‘Top-down’ Aid help improve?

A

The economy

32
Q

What is the downside of ‘Top-down’ Aid?

A

May not improve quality of life of poorest people

33
Q

What is ‘Bottom-up’ Aid?

A

Money given direct to local people

e.g. to build or maintain well

34
Q

Give an example of ‘Bottom-up’ Aid in India

A

WaterAid trains local people to maintain village handpumps in rural India

35
Q

What is the benefit of ‘Bottom-up’ Aid?

A

Can have large impact

Schemes generally supported by local people & can improve health, skills and income

36
Q

Name 2 positive impacts economic development in India has on the quality of life

A
  • More jobs
  • India’s daily wages have increased by 42 Rupees since 2010
    • People have more money to improve their life
      • e.g. access to clean water, higher quality home and medical care
37
Q

Name a negative impact economic development in India has on the quality of life

A
  • But some jobs in industry e.g. coal mining = dangerous or have poor conditions
    • Which reduce workers’ quality of life
38
Q

Name 2 negative impacts economic development in India has on the environment

A
  • Energy consumption increased with economic development ∵ coal and oil = the most readily available and affordable fuels
    • Release lots of pollution & greenhouse gases
  • Demand for resources = lead to destruction of habitats
39
Q

Give an example of how increased energy consumption affects the environment in India

A

Capital, Delhi = most polluted city in world

40
Q

Give an example of demand for resources leading to destruction of habitats in India

A

e.g. Mining in Karnataka

41
Q

Name a postive impact economic development in India has on the environment

A

Increased income from economy development = people can afford to protect environment

42
Q

Give an example of the environment being protected in India

A

Since 1990, India’s forest cover = stopped decreasing & started to grow

AA - GEOGRAPHY - MAIN (22 decks)

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