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GCSE Geography OCR > Economic Development > Flashcards

Economic Development Flashcards

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1
Q

A) how is development measured?

A

Development indicators: Economic (GDP), social (BR/DR/literacy) and other (HDI)

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2
Q

A) what are the disadvantages/advantages of the different indicators?

A

Economic indicators: Inaccurate due to informal work, exchange rates
Social indicators: Difficult to measure happiness or human rights etc
Measures can be misleading on their own because they’re an average. Using a combination of measures like HDI or PQLI (physical quality of life index) avoid this problem.

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3
Q

A) how have categories of development changed over time?

A

1960’s: First, second and third world - disrespectful to poor countries
1980’s: MEDCs and LEDCs - too divided; which are developing and which aren’t?
Now: LDCs, MICs, NICs and MDCs to show different rates of development

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4
Q

A) What different types of aid are there?

A

Bilateral: directly to recipient, can be tied - given on the condition buys the goods/services that it needs from the donor countries
Multilateral: Indirectly through an international organisation
Short term aid: helps recipient countries cope in emergencies but it may not reach where it’s needed and the stage of development remains unchanged
Long term aid: Helps the country develop (like dams/wells/schools) so they become less reliant on aid but it takes a while to benefit the country

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5
Q

A) why might international aid not be sustainable?

A

Sustainable aid helps development without damaging the environment or using resources faster than they can be replaced so for example a large, shallow well in areas of low rainfall would not be sustainable because the water would get used up and the amount available for future use would decrease

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6
Q

B) how do different countries employment structures vary?

A

[GRAPH]
LEDCs: Mostly primary due to raw materials, not enough money to invest, not enough education
NICs: Secondary increases, primary decreases - infrastructure develops and factories are moved to LEDCs, development increases
MEDCs: Mostly tertiary, increasing quaternary due to skilled workers and money to invest

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7
Q

C) what types of industry are there and what factors influence their location?

A

Primary: Environmental - raw materials, climate, soil. Economic: cheap land, transport routes
Secondary: Environmental - close to raw materials, flat land, water supply. Economic: local market, government grants, workers, transport
Tertiary: Environmental - open spaces. Economic - local market, transport, workers. Social - enough local people to support
Quaternary: Environmental - Green open spaces. Economic - near similar businesses, skilled workers. Social - good quality housing nearby

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8
Q

C) how and why does the location of primary industry change over time?

A

Environmental - raw materials get used up, climate change = crops can be grown in different areas.
Economic - lower costs make previously expensive are cheaper.
Social - improved transport, changed government policies (bans)

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9
Q

C) how and why does the location of secondary industry change over time?

A

Environmental - new energy sources so industry doesn’t need to be close to power sources
Economic - changing capital investment patterns encourage industry in new areas
Social - government policies change so industries settle in different locations, improved transport facilities so more people can commute

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10
Q

C) how and why does the location of tertiary industry change over time?

A

Environmental - workers want a better environmental surrounding, extreme environments are more popular as travelling is easier (tourist industry in Antarctica)
Economic - changing capital investment patterns encourage industry in different areas
Social - improved transport so retailers can be out of town, changed shopping patterns (internet)

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11
Q

C) how and why does the location of secondary industry change over time?

A

Environmental - workers want better surroundings, scientific research industries have environmental needs (I.e. GM crops grown away from normal crops)
Economic - changing capital investment patterns
Social - labour force moves as training and housing changes (universities)

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12
Q

D) what is globalisation?

A

The process of countries becoming more integrated, so different countries cultures, political and economic systems become more similar due to international trade, investments and communications

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13
Q

D) how has communication and transport increased globalisation?

A

ICT: email, internet, phones can carry information faster so it’s easy for businesses to communicate so branches can be had I different countries
Transport: more airports, faster trains no bigger ships so it’s easier to communicate face to face and it’s easier for companies to get supplies from all over the world and distribute their products

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14
Q

D) what is an MNC and how do they affect development?

A

MNCs are companies that produce/sell products in more than one country and they usual employ lots of people in LEDCs where it is cheaper. They link countries together through the production and sale of goods and they bring culture from the country of origin to other countries

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15
Q

D) how do MNCs affect economic development?

A

They create jobs which increases wealth so more taxes are collected to improve infrastructure etc (development) this is the multiplier effect. MNCs are located in LEDCs because labour is cheaper so they make more profit and their headquarters/research is still located in MEDCs

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16
Q

D) what are the positive and negative effects of MNCs

A

Positive: create jobs (makes more jobs by the multiplier effect), they create skilled jobs in LEDCs to encourage training and education, workers get higher wages and more reliable incomes, MNCs spend money on infrastructure and pay taxes, local companies supply MNCs
Negative: jobs created aren’t always secure, employees work long hours in bad conditions, other local companies struggle to find business/workers, profits go back to the MEDC, large sites cause pollution, sites produce pollution and waste which is bad for the environment and they add to greenhouse gases when raw materials or final products are transported

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17
Q

D) What are the economic impacts of globalisation?

A

MEDCS: Causes deindustrialisation since manufacture has moved to LEDCs for cheaper labour, more developed tertiary and quaternary industries which increases the gap between rich and poor because poor, unskilled workers struggle to find jobs (no manufacturing) whereas skilled workers work in the well paid industries.
LEDCs and NICs: Causes industrialisation, increased gap between rich and poor because the MNCs create wealth for some people but it isn’t spread evenly.

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18
Q

D) What are the environmental impacts of globalisation?

A

Carbon emissions from transporting = carbon dioxide = global warming
More products are accessible = waste = landfill
More countries sell raw materials for profit = deforestation = habitat destruction = reduced biodiversity and increased soil erosion
More shipping = oil pollution = animals killed

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19
Q

D) What are the social and cultural impacts of globalisation?

A

Improved quality of life in LEDCs because of more jobs and money that leads to better infrastructure and services.
Some countries lose their cultural heritage (same music, clothes, cars) but also you become more aware of different cultures.

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20
Q

E) what are the environmental impacts of primary industry? FARMING

A

Monoculture = fewer habitats = loss of biodiversity
Removing hedgerows = soil erosion and habitat loss
Herbicides = wildflowers killed
Pesticides = insects killed
Fertilisers = eutrophication
Cattle farming = methane = global warming

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21
Q

E) what are the environmental impacts of primary industry? MINING

A

Areas of land destroyed = fewer habitats and food sources = biodiversity reduced
Can deplete water sources
Can cause water pollution

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22
Q

E) what are the environmental impacts of primary industry? FISHING

A

Depleted resources
Disrupted food chains
Oil leaks = animals killed

23
Q

E) what are the environmental impacts of primary industry? FORESTRY

A

Fewer trees = fewer food sources and habitats = biodiversity reduction
Soil erosion
Increase in released CO2 = global warming
Less water removed = less evaporated = fewer clouds = less rainfall = reduced plant growth

24
Q

E) what are the environmental impacts of secondary industry?

A

Factories cause land air and water pollution
Habitats are destroyed if factories are built in the country
Some factories use lots of energy (usually comes from fossil fuel burning = global warming)

25
Q

E) what are the environmental impacts of tertiary and quaternary industry?

A

Lots of energy used (to run computers, shops, vehicles) that may come from burning fossil fuels
All the resources used have an impact when they’re manufactured (I.e paper comes from trees)

26
Q

E) How is there conflict between the environment and economic development?

A

There is a need for development to improve life for people but some industries really damage the environment
The solution is to aim for sustainable economic development so that people get what they need without harming people in the future - not depleting resources or irreversibly changing the environment

27
Q

E) how can economic development be more sustainable?

A

farms use fewer herbicides etc and retain hedgerows, introduce laws against water pollution in mines and restore damaged habitats, fishing quotas and fish farms, laws to make logging companies replenish the forest, create laws to reduce pollution from factories, build on brownfield sites, reduce energy use, develop vehicles to make them more efficient

28
Q

What is tied aid and what are the advantages/disadvantages?

A

Aid given on the condition that the recipient country has to buy the goods and services it needs from the donor country. It helps the economy of the donor country but if the goods are expensive there the aid doesn’t go as far as if it was bought elsewhere

29
Q

What factors does PQLI measure?

A

Life expectancy
Literacy rate
Infant mortality rate

30
Q

Name and describe an economic indicator of development

A

GDP: The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year.

31
Q

Name and describe the 10 social indicators of development

A

Birth rate: no. of live babies born per 1000 people per year
Death rate: no. of deaths per 1000 people per year
Infant mortality rate: no. of babies that die under 1 yr per 1000 babies
People per doctor: average no. of people per doctor
Literacy rate: percentage of adults who can read and write
Access to safe water: percentage of people who have clean water
Life expectancy: average age a person lives until
PQLI
Calorie intake: average no. of calories consumed in a day

32
Q

How does having a poor climate, poor farming land or limited water supplies affect the development of a country?

A

A country with any of the above can’t grow many crops
Less food is produced and this can lead to malnutrition
Fewer crops to sell so less money spent on goods and services
Government gets less money from tax so less money to spend on development

33
Q

How do natural hazards affect how developed a country is?

A

Having lots of natural hazards means countries have to spend lots of money rebuilding so quality of life is reduced and the amount of money spend on development is reduced

34
Q

Describe the three main political factors that decrease development

A

Unstable government: less investments in healthcare and education
Corrupt government: money is spent unevenly, often used to fund official’s lifestyles or political events so other people stay poor
War: country loses money to pay for resources, buildings get destroyed, less people work

35
Q

How does having poor trade links reduce development?

A

If a country has poor trade links it won’t make much money from selling goods and services so there is less to spend on development

36
Q

How does having lots of debt decrease development?

A

The money has to be paid back, often with interest, and any money made is used to pay back the money rather than to develop the country

37
Q

How does having an economy based on primary products decrease development rate?

A

Primary products don’t earn as much profit as manufactured goods
Prices of primary products fluctuate so the cost of production sometimes is higher than the price sold
Wealthy countries can force down the prices of raw materials
So the country would earn less money and have less to spend on development

38
Q

How does having clean drinking water improve development?

A

People don’t get sick from water our be diseases like cholera and typhoid so they can work and contribute to the economy

39
Q

How does having women at an equal place with men in society improve development?

A

It means women are educated and can get a good job, having a better quality of life and contributing to the economy so the country has more money to spend on development

40
Q

How does good child education improve the development rate of a country?

A

Getting a better education means you can get a good job so their quality of life increases and the country has more more to spend on development because of their contribution to the economy

41
Q

What is climate change?

A

Any change in the weather of an area over a long period

42
Q

What is global warming?

A

A type of climate change - the increase in global temperature over the last century

43
Q

How is global warming caused?

A

Human activities like farming, forestry and manufacturing increase carbon dioxide and methane emissions (greenhouse gases) and these gases add to the layer of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, trapping the suns heat

44
Q

What are the economic impacts of climate change?

A

In countries at higher latitudes warmer weather could improve farming but closer to the equator it will be too hot and dry for farming
More money will have to be spend on predicting extreme weather events and managing them and rebuilding afterwards
Industries that help to reduce the effects of climate change like renewable energy will become bigger and make more money

45
Q

What are the environmental impacts of climate change?

A

Sea levels will rise because of ice melt which causes habitat loss (I.e. The Maldives)
Rising temperature and decreased rainfall will lead to desertification
Distribution of species will change so some species that can’t move may die

46
Q

What are the social impacts of climate change?

A

People won’t be able to grow as much food near the equator which could lead to malnutrition and death from starvation
More people will die from extreme weather events
Hotter weather makes it easier for infectious diseases to spread
Some areas will become uninhabitable due to the heat or flooding which could lead to overcrowding

47
Q

What are the political impacts of climate change?

A

Water would become scarce which could lead to war
Countries will have to cope with increased immigration and emigration
Governments are under pressure to slow climate change or reduce its effects

48
Q

What is the Kyoto protocol?

A

An international agreement where most countries agreed to monitor and cut their greenhouse gas emissions, each country was given a target and the global goal was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5% by 2012

49
Q

What is the carbon credits trading scheme?

A

Part of the Kyoto protocol where countries that succeeded in their emissions target got carbon credits which they could sell to countries that didn’t meet their emissions target so that there was an incentive for having low emissions

50
Q

How did a country earn carbon credits?

A

By reducing their emissions further than their target or by helping poorer countries reduce their emissions

51
Q

What are the national responses to climate change?

A

Transport strategies - governments can improve their public transport networks so people are less likely to use cars and co2 emissions are reduced
Taxation - increase taxes on cars with high emissions

52
Q

What are the local responses to climate change?

A

Congestion charging - charging people for driving cars into cities during busy periods
Recycling - building recycling plants so less energy is used to make new materials and less waste goes to landfill
Conserving energy - authorities give advice by improving insulation, turning off devices, switching lights off etc

53
Q

What is the modern Kyoto protocol?

A

The Paris climate agreement

54
Q

What are some of the responses to climate change?

A

Government investments in public transport
Increased tax on petrol or cars with high emissions
Encourage electric cars with the use of renewable electricity

GCSE Geography OCR (5 decks)

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