ECONOMIC CRIMES UP TO FORENSIC BALLISTICS Flashcards
WHAT IS ECONOMIC CRIME?
economic crime is crime committed to gain profit within an otherwise legal business.
what is the types of typology of economic crimes?
White-collar crimes
organized crimes
cybercrimes
what is the term of white-collar crimes?
The term white-collar crime was invented by Edwin Sutherland. He defined it as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his profession.
what is the 2 subdivisions of white-collar crimes?
occupational crimes
corporate crime
what is the Occupational crime?
Occupational crime is a crime committed by individuals in the course of their employment. These crimes are committed by professionals like doctors, lawyers, accountants, managers and the like. They take advantage of their position, knowledge and expertise to commit crimes.
what is the corporate crime?
Corporate crime is a criminal activity of a business organization committed during the course of fulfilling the role of the corporation, and in the name of corporate profit and growth.
what is the organizesd crimes?
Refers to a group activities of three or more persons (organized criminal groups) with hierarchical links or personal relationships with permit their leaders to earn profits or control territories or markets, internal or foreign, by means of violence, intimidation or corruption, both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy
what is cyber crimes?
when a crime is committed using a computer. It is usually committed by a person who has a high level of knowledge and skills in the use of computers, and other computer-related forms of technology, usually through the process of hacking.
what is computer hacking?
Computer hacking refers to the unauthorized and illegal accessing of computers, computer networks or systems. Some forms of cyber crime are identity theft, denial of service and software piracy.
what is identity theft?
Identity theft is the use of some else’s personal information without their permission to fraudulently obtain goods and services. Software piracy is the illegal copying and distributing of software for free or for sale.
what is RA 10175?
known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 is the present law on cybercrime.
acts are illegal?
acts considered illegal because they conflict social policy, accepted moral rules and public opinion. Examples of which are prostitution, gambling, pornography, and etc, these are known as “Victimless Crimes”.
what offenses that involves vice offenses?
- Dangerous Drugs or Illegal Drugs
- Prostitution
- Public Disorder
what is the under of RA 9165?
- Importation of dangerous drugs (Sec 4)
- Sale, trading, administration, delivery, distribution and transportation of dangerous drugs (Sec 5)
- Maintenance of a den dive or resort where any dangerous drug is used or sold in any form (Sec 6)
- Manufacture of dangerous drugs (Sec 8)
- Possession of dangerous drugs (Sec 11)
- Use of dangerous drugs (Sec 15)
- Cultivation or culture of plants classified as dangerous drugs (Sec 16)
what is prostitution?
prostitution is defined and punished under Art 202 of the RPC
The RPC defines a prostitute as a woman who habitually indulges in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct for money or profit
crime statistics
- refers to the measure of the level or amount of crimes.
- The collection or study of numerical data of crimes recorded/reported to the police.
- it uses the terms index crimes and non-index crimes in classifying crimes.
Index crimes
Index crimes are crimes which are sufficiently significant and which occur with sufficient regularity to be meaningful, such as murder, homicide, physical injury, robbery, theft and rape.
Non-index crimes
Non-index crimes are crimes that are not classified as index crimes. Violations of special laws and other crimes against moral and order. These crimes are generated from the result of positive police initiated operations.
Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE)
Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE) – percentage of solved cases out of the total number of reported crime incidents handled by the police for a given period of time. It is a general measure of law enforcement agency’s investigative capability or efficiency.
Crime Rate
the number of incidents in a given period of time for every 100,000 inhabitants of an area/place.
Average Monthly Crime Rate (AMCR)
the average number of crime incidents occurred per month for every 100, 000 inhabitants in a certain area.
Variance (or % change)
one way of analyzing crime trends. It measures the percentage change over a given period of time.
Crime Analysis
a. Percentage Share of Crime Volume of a Certain Area
b. Percentage Share of the Occurrence of a Type of Crime
Forensic Science
its broadest definition is the application of science to law. It applies the knowledge and technology of science for the definition and enforcement of such laws.
Father of Forensic Science
Edmond Locard
Criminalistics
is a branch of forensic science which includes personal identification, police photography, forensic ballistics, questioned documents examination, polygraph (Lie Detection Techniques), Forensic Chemistry and Legal medicine. Hans Gross is considered as the Father of Criminalistics.
Mathieu Orfila
is considered the father of toxicology. He published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals.
Alphonse Bertillon
He devised the science of anthropometry in 1879, the first scientific system of personal identification. He is considered as the father of personal identification.
Anthropometry
is a systematic procedure of taking a series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another. Anthropometry was eventually replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900s.
Francis Galton
undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing.
Leone Lattes
He devised a relatively simple procedure for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain, a technique that he immediately applied to criminal investigations
Dr Karl Landsteiner
discovered that blood can be grouped into different categories. These blood groups or types are now recognized as A, B, AB and O.
Calvin Goddard
To determine whether or not a particular gun has fired a bullet requires a comparison of the bullet with one that has been test fired from the suspect’s weapon. Col Goddard refined a technique of such an examination by using the comparison microscope.
Albert S. Osborn
Osborn’s development of the fundamental principles of document examination was responsible for the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the courts
Hans Gross
The first treatise describing the application of scientific disciplines to the field of criminal investigation was written by Hans Gross in 1893
Edmond Locard
It was Locard’s belief that when a criminal came in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurred (Locard’s Exchange Principle). The exchange of materials between two objects that occurs whenever two objects come into contact with one another.
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
It is a collective term that refers to the different methods of determining the identity of an individual. In the study of personal identification as a subject, the focus is dactyloscopy.
Dactyloscopy
is the science of fingerprint classification and identification. Dactylography refers to the scientific study of fingerprints as a means of identification. The term dactyloscopy was derived from two Greek words, dactyl which means finger and skopien which means to study.
Fingerprints
are impressions made by the ridges on the inside of the last joint of the finger or thumb on any smooth surface through the media of an ink, sweat or any reagent capable of producing visibility.
Ridges
are tiny elevation or hill like structures found on the epidermis layer of the skin.
Furrows
are the canal-like impression or depression found between the ridges.
Father of modern fingerprints
Sir Edward Richard Henry
grandfather of dactyloscopy
Marcelo Malpighi
Principle of Individuality
States that there are no two persons having the same fingerprints. (Based on statistical probability). That it would be impossible for any two persons to have a similar fingerprints
Principle of Immutability/Permanency/Constancy
States that once ridges are fully develop, their general arrangement remains the same throughout a person’s life
Principle of Infallibility
States that fingerprints cannot be forged and they provide a reliable and positive means of identification.
eight (8) fingerprint patterns in the Henry System of Fingerprint Classification
- The Plain Arch
- Tented Arch
- Ulnar Loop
- Radial Loop
- Plain Whorl
- Accidental Whorl
- Central Pocket Loop Whorl
- the Double Loop Whorl
Plain Arch (A)
is a pattern in which the ridges flows from one side to the other with a slight raise at the center. It has no core and no delta.
Tented Arch (T)
is a type of pattern where majority of the ridges form an arch.
Elements of loop:
- It must have a core
- It must have a delta
- It must have a recurving ridge that passes between the delta and the core
- It must have a ridge count of at least one
Radial Loop (R)
is a type of loop pattern in which the slanting or looping ridges flows toward the thumb finger
Ulnar Loop (U)
is a type of loop pattern in which the slanting or looping ridges flows toward the little finger
