Economic change in the world Flashcards
What is economic development
Progress in economic growth through levels of industrialization and use of technology
what is social development
This is an improvement in peoples standard of living for example, clean water and electricity
What is environmental development
This involves advances in the management and protection of the environment
Employment Type
The proportion of the population in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries
GDP per capita
This is the total value of goods and services produced in a country per person, per year.
Gross National Income per capita
An average of gross national income per person, per year in US dollars
Infant Mortality
The number of children who die before reaching 1 per 1000 babies born
Literacy Rate
The percentage of population over the age of 15 who can read and write
Life expectancy
The average lifespan of someone born in that country.
Human Development Index
A number that uses life expectancy, education level and income per person
LIC
Poorest countries in the world. GNI per capita is low and most citizens have a low standard of living
NEE
These countries are getting richer as their economy is progressing from the primary industry to the secondary industry. Greater exports leads to better wages.
HIC
These countries are wealthy with a high GNI per capita and standards of living. These countries can spend money on services.
Natural resources
.fuel sources such as oil
.Minerals and metals for fuel
.Availability for timber
.Access to safe water
Natural Hazards
.Risk of tectonic hazards
.Benefits from volcanic material and floodwater
.Frequent hazards undermines redevelopment
Climate
.Reliability of rainfall to benefit farming
.Extreme climates limit industry and affects health
.Climate can attract tourists
Location/terrain
.Landlocked countries may find trade difficulties
. Mountainous terrain makes farming difficult
.Scenery attracts tourists
Aid
.Aid can help some countries develop key projects for infrastructure faster
.Aid can improve services such as schools, hospitals and roads.
.Too much reliance on aid might stop other trade links becoming established
Education
.Education creates a skilled workforce meaning more goods and services are produced
.Educated people earn more money meaning they also pay more taxes. This money can help develop the country in the future
Politics
corruption in local and national government can effect the country’s ability to trade.
.Ability of the country to invest into services and infrastructure
Trade
Countries that export more that they import have a trade surplus. This can improve national economy.
Having good trade relationships
.Trading goods and services is more profitable than raw materials
Health
Lack of clean water and poor healthcare means a large number of people suffer from diseases
.People who are ill cannot work so there is little contribution to the economy
.More money on healthcare means less spent on development
History
.Colonialism has helped Europe develop, but slowed down development in many other countries
.Countries that went through industrialization a while ago, have now develop further
Causes of uneven development - Wealth
People in more developed countries have higher incomes than less developed countries
Causes of uneven development - Health
Better healthcare means that people in more developed countries live longer than those in less developed countries
Causes of uneven development - Migration
If nearby countries have higher levels of development or are secure, people will move to seek better opportunities and standard of living
Reducing the Global Development Gap - Microfinance Loans
This involves people in LIC’s receiving small loans from traditional banks
Loans enable people to begin their own businesses
Its not clear tgey can reduce poverty at a large scale
Reducing the Global Development Gap - Aid
This is given by one country to another as money or rescources
Improve literacy rates building dams improving agriculture
Can be wasted by corrupt government or they can become to reliant on aid
Reducing the Global Development Gap - Fair Trade
This is a movement where farmers get a fair price for the goods produced
Paid fairly so they can develop school & health centers
Only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches producers
Reducing the Global Development Gap - Foreign direct investment
This is when one country buys property or infrastructure in another country
Leads to better access to finance, technology & expertise
Investment can come with strings attached that country’s will need to comply with
Reducing the Global Development Gap - Debt Relief
This is when a country’s debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered
Means more money can be spent on development
Locals might not always get a say. Some aid can be tied under condition from donor country
Reducing the Global Development Gap - Technology
includes tools, machines and affordable equipment that improve quality of life
Renewable energy is less expensive and polluting
Requires initial investment and skills in operating technology
CS: Reducing the development gap in Jamaica - Location and Background
Jamaica is a LIC island nation part of the Caribbean. Location makes Jamaica an attractive place for visitors to explore the tropical blue seas, skies and palm filled sandy beaches
CS: Reducing the development gap in Jamaica - Tourist Economy
In 2015 2.12 million visited
tourism contributes to 27% of GDP and will increase to 38% by 2025
130000 jobs rely on tourism
Global recession 2008 caused a decline in tourism. Now tourism is beginning to recover
CS: Reducing the development gap in Jamaica - Multiplier effect
Jobs from tourism have meant more money has been spent in shops and other businesses
Government has invested in infrastructure to support tourism
New sewage treatment plants have reduced pollution
CS: Reducing the development gap in Jamaica - Development problems
Toursists do not always spend money outside their resorts
Infrastructure improvements have not spread to the whole island
Many people in Jamaica still live in poor quality housing and lack basic services such as healthcare
CS : Economic development in Nigeria - Location & Importance
Nigeria is a NEE in West Africa
Nigeria is just North of the Equator and experiences a range of environments
Nigeria is the most populous and economically powerful country in Africa
Economic growth has been based on reports
CS : Economic development in Nigeria - Political
Influences upon Nigeria’s development
Suffered instability with a civil war between 1967 - 1970
From 1999 the country became stable with free and fair elections
Stability has encourage global investment from CHINA and USA
CS : Economic development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development - Social
Nigeria is a multi cultural muklti faith society
Although mostly a strength diversity had causes regional conflicts from groups such as the Boko Haram terrorists
CS : Economic development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development - Cultural
Nigeria’s diversity has created rich and varied artistic culture
The country has a rich music literacy and film industry (i.e Nollywood)
A successful national football side
CS : Economic development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development - Industrial structures
Once mainly based on agriculture, 50% of its economy is now manufacturing and services
A thriving manufacturing industry is increasing foreign investment and employment opportunities
CS : Economic development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development - The role of TNC’s
TNC’s such as Shell have played an important role in its economy
Investment has increased employment and income
Profits move to HIC’s
Many oil spills have damaged fragile environments
CS : Economic development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development - Changing relationships
Nigeria plays a leading role with the African Union and UN
Growing links with China with huge investment in infrastructure
Main import includes petrol from the EU, cars from Brazil and phones from China
CS : Economic development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development - Environmental Impacts
The 2008/09 oil spills devastated swamps and ecosystems
Industry has caused toxic chemicals to be discharged in open sweres - risking human health
80% of forest have been cut down
This also increases Co2 emissions
CS : Economic development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development - Aid & Debt relief
receives 5billion per year in aid
Aid groups have improved health centers, provided anti-mosquito nets and helped to protect people against AIDS?HIV
Some aid fails to reach the people who need it due to corruption
CS : Economic development in Nigeria
Influences upon Nigeria’s development - Effects of Economic Development
Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years. 64% have access to safe water. Typical schooling years has increased from 7 to 9
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK - UK in the wider world
THE Uk has one of the largest economies in the world. The UK is highly regarded for its fairness and tolerance. The UK has global transport links i.e Heathrow and Eurostar
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK Causes of Economic change
De industriaslisation and the decline of the UK’s industrial base. Globilisation has meant many industries have moved overseas where labour costs are lower. Government investing in supporting vital businesses
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK - Towards post-industrial
The quaternary industry has increased whilst secondary has decreased
Numbers in primary and tertiary industry has stayed the steady
Big increase in proffesional and technical jobs
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK - Development of science parks
Science parks are groups of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses on a single site
Access to transport routes
Highly educated workers
Staff benefit from attractive working conditions
Attracts clusters of related high tech bsuinesses
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK - UK car industry
Every year the UK makes 1.5 million cars. these factorues are owned by large TNC’s i,e Nissan
7% of energy used where factories is wind energy
New cars are moire energy efficient and lighter
Nissan produces electric and hybrid cars
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK
Change to a Rural Landscape - Social
Rising house prices have caused tensions in villages
Villages are unpopulated during the day causing loss of identity. Resentment towards poor migrant communities
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK
Change to a Rural Landscape - Economic
Lack of affordable housing for local first time buyers
Sales of farmland has increased rural employment
Influx of poor migrants puts pressures on local services
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK
Change to a Rural Landscape - Improvements to transport
A 15 Billion road improvement strategy will involve 10 new roads and 1600 extra lanes
50 Billion HS2 railway to improve connections between key UK cities
18 Billion on Heathrow’s controversial third runway
UK has many large ports for importing and exporting goods
Case Study : Economic Change in the UK
Change to a Rural Landscape - UK North/South Divide
Wages are lower in the North
Health is better in the South
Education is worse in the North
The government is aiming to support a Northern Powerhouse project to resolve regional differences
More dissolving of powers to disadvantaged regions
