Economic Anth

Question 0

Baudillard (1970)

Answer 0

“Freedom” of consumption an illusion - producers condition needs of consumers

• needs are infinite as they come from competition not appetite
• type of communication , failure in which perceived as anti sociality
• as people express themselves through consumption not labour class analysis futile - e.g freeman barbadian workers - exploited groups do not join in struggle!!

Question 1

new global consumerism

Answer 1

Perceived as right joining people globally
Global consumer citizenship - yet I would argue it is not simply citizenship as membership to community as Marshall said (1950) but “ a set of practices through which societies organise political ( and may i add economic) participation and exclusion” following lazar

Question 2

Applbaum( 2000)

Answer 2

• marketers take globalisation for granted and believe in universal desirability of their products and seek to take them across borders
• maslowian self actualisation can only be achieved through consumption
• they educate the ‘third world’ consumer - e.g marketers of ‘ Care Products’ would visit communities in East Africa and ‘teach’ them about all their products and their usage - washing hair etc

Question 3

Mazzarella - Very Bombay 2003

Answer 3

Stuggles of a indian foreign venture to embed the notion of Indianess, warmth, trust and locality with a global transcending locality product - mobile phones
- solution - very bombay, being a global hub transcends nationality and retains images of modernity yet is local

Question 4

Mazzarella 2003 - Keeping While Giving

Answer 4

Advertising allows companies to give something - product, while retain something - brand

• mirrors Weiner’s interpretation of the gift - haunbeing s powerful retainment ensuring you get something back
• only with the anonymous nature of company- consumer it both , as Baudillard notes, can and cannot be repaid - that is can only be repaid through loyalty. In this sense you can be considered a slave - nothing to produce and give back yourself

Question 5

Creationist capitalism

Answer 5

Labour is understood in terms of creativity, production equated with ćreation
Excluding hubs - materialised science parks, technopoles, exclude the mundane data entry, routinised tech workers
inclusive- Second Life , open to all with net access, predicated upon user created content - in real life to design, you need a degree and all that, here photoshop, while in RL even degree doesnt grant it - the other tech non upadhya reading

Question 6

Miller trinidad

Answer 6

Preciously disconnected diaspora form new solidarity through trinidadonline, which not only promotes the country but linkes the trinidadians around the world -‘especially chat room
- limining extended to another social space - Trini Lime, Rumshop LIme

Question 7

17th century tulip frenzy

Answer 7

Prices of tulips sky rocketed as they became introduced to Holland and sought by the rich dutch
- more people started buying hoping to sell and with no real use value more sellers then buyers causing the prices to fall and the bubble to burst

Question 8

Polanyi on gold standard

Answer 8

Points to it as the invisible link between disintegration of the world economy ( although first created to facilitate trade)
1971- US last country to abandon it
Me - as people still continued to treat money as if had some tangible fixed value even though it was at the mercy of the market it became fully fetishised

Question 9

Polanyi’s paradox free market

Answer 9

Social protection the accompaniment of a supposedly self regulating market.
- the bailouts, ‘policies’ encouraging and up-keeping free trade - free trade not made without state.

Question 10

zaloom (2004) distance bit

Answer 10

A full alienation from the product , do not even tangibly touch it
- distance from any tangible consequences of risky investment!! - onto how they are not the ones that loose out.

Question 11

Masculinity Creation

Answer 11

Zaloom (2004) - risk taking crucial to identity
wolf of wall street - active encouragement of greed, constant drug usage to strip from doubts, social pressure and pulling into webs of lavishness.
Inside job - similar picture of money spent on prostitution and parties, actual figures - affirms wolf of wall street not so over hyperbolised as might at first seem

Question 12

tsing (2000) economy of appearances

Answer 12

What circulates market pigs in poes, money without direct correspondence, expectations

• canadian bre-x selling gold that wasn’t there
• about spectacle,appealing story - lonesome explores who encountered gold
• gold not there but exploitation yes, economy of appearances engages in scale making projects - new regional frontiers - Kalimantan frontier formed by dreams of Canadian investors and national elites, displacement, overwork, damage

Question 13

Harvey - 3 basic features of capitalist mode of production

Answer 13

1. growth oriented
2. growth in real value rests on exploitation
3. Technologically dynamic - laws of competition push for innovation

Question 14

Fordism

Answer 14

Mass production, centralised assembly line, strong union force, workers paid enough to be able to buy the cars they produced

Question 15

Harvey’s main points post fordism and neoliberalism

Answer 15

• new flexible labour - time space compression
• , flexible accumulation in regions lacking previous industrial traditions, union power indermined- confuses class consciousness
  Free mobility of capital between sectors, regions, countries - me - aneesh , money as code.

Question 16

Roitman (2003) Productivity of Debt - Cameroon

Answer 16

• debt as plentitude
• inherent to sociality - a social relationship, expressed rather then created by debt
  Gaskiiya pricing - debt expressed relationship with buyer, determined by consumer identity, based on confidence ,narral and hierarchy
  Baaba saare - receives credit due to role as househead and social responsabilities - debt relation before exchange!
  Changes with society of international debt
  A) concentration on monetary debt - paper money not credit establish confidence
• baaba saare still sanctioned, but increase of those in rupture have to do time if not paid any debt
  b) has to be seen in wider context of disorder in te regime caused by Cameroon as HIPC, SADs austerity programs - higher taxes to repay, merchants need money dont want credit
  C) hard for youth to get married raise to baaba saare status - spoils (acts of pillage, banditry, robbery)new means of redistributio, they have the right to wealth and if they cannot borrow they need to take and have means to imagine the future - restore relations of indebtness upkeeping comunities productive relations

Question 17

james south africa 2012

Answer 17

• joins the formalisation& impact on family
• So much neoliberal economy that NCA
• different borrowers and lenders - ACSA - communal money used to borrow and gain communal interest
• sometimes credit to buy commodities - clothes appliances but marriage, education, funerals more important - link with Han’s house - what was being ultimately built - the house - link to PInk never completed project ( and that is what allows the sensory agency in it!)

Question 18

Collyer 2007

Answer 18

Journey to country undermining ‘openness’ of borders, unproblemstiv transition from one place to another

• new spatial segregation / with remote control at airports and full borders, US- Mexico, Sistema Integrado de Vigilencia Exterior, spains deal with morocco 2004 - force clandestine migration
• new transit spaces -at tension new technologies opening access to distant places amd migration control trying to curb them
• also technology used by clandestine migrants - e.g mobile phone
• kinship turns only about financial support - migrant rely on family to go further, if unsuccesful to bring profit back become ‘lost in limbo’
• pressure and expectations to big for them to go back home, neither are they established where they are

Question 19

Coutin Being on route

Answer 19

• migrants may disappear - dangerous they travel through sewer pipes, deserts, mouintains - coutin adds grounded fraom transit at death if their identity is found.
• outsided established routes - in a quasi lawless realm -
• accounts of running, not breathing, transported like cargo show how they are made to practically embody illegality
• ## they also become ‘impossible subjects’ - physically. Exist yet not there, hiding, under false identity. In a way I would say they are quasi illegal and quasi impossible - criminals, smuglers, street vendors know, but also corrupt authorities let pass for bribes

Question 20

Commodification

Answer 20

In a capitalist economy for a commodity to enter the market the social labour put into it must be made invisible and the commodity fetishised

• social relations within exchange seem to be made between objects
• why putting body on market problematic!

Question 21

Differentiatef ties rhetoric

Answer 21

• intimate relations involving monetary transactions include a variety of social relations. Intimate workers differentiate between the degrees of intimacy they allow with however they are providing the intimate labour

Question 22

Marx alienation

Answer 22

• separation of things that belong together
• 4 main types:
• from product
• from work process
• from other workers
• from species, humanity

Question 23

Carrier (1992)

Answer 23

• cottage industry - no split between household and work - not alienated
• putting out - instruments by merchants, production at home but less control over mechanism
• early factory - out of home, key change, controlled by capitalist, but working still within kin groups
• modern factory - no relationship to each other, idea of inner private, and outer public self - western individualism

Question 24

Thompson ( 1967)

Answer 24

• in preindustrial societies working was task oriented and governed by nature
• industrial societies managed by abstract clock time, new work discipline, separation of work from life
• demonstrated alienation from work process

Question 25

Parry 1999

Answer 25

• double criticism of Thompson, accuses him of romanticisijg preindustrial life which was not so benign and harmonious and neglecting complexity and variety of industrial production

Question 26

Manuels Castells Information Society

Answer 26

• the circulation of finance and information tends to convert traditions of spaceof places into a space of flows
• horizontal networks instead of vertical bureaucracies most productive forms of organization and management
• flexible specialization replaces standarised mass - counter freeman, upadhya

Question 27

Castells technopoles

Answer 27

• me - the space of flows actually has traditional space of places materialised in technopoles
• technology parks, science city
• main function to generate basic materials of the informational economy - main rhetoric among workers of technopoles that they are the creators of information, high tech producers

Question 28

Aneesh - algocracy

Answer 28

• management through technology, information and software systems, or otherwise rule by code
• structures possible forms of behaviour, think about filling an internet form, from vertical to horizontal management
• authority embedded in technology, or more precisely in the code

Question 29

Upadhya 2009

Answer 29

• outsourced software industry in Bangalore , exploitationof software engineers
• global injustice in the division between high and low end tasks
• indian software workers overqualified - their work follows a routinised factory like production process - computer code conditions code of conduct

Question 30

Paul Baran in 60s about distributed network

Answer 30

• one without highly critical control centre, could operate with many decentralised nodes and switches
• his research sponsored by US air force
• hints at algocratisation of the state

Question 31

O Dougherty 2002 - Disneyland

Answer 31

• for brasilian middle class families became a substitution for the debutante ball - great ball organised for girls 15
• unlike it, disney as a rite of passage is less expensive, involves the whole and what is mkst important for us is attained
• according to appadurai rites of passage constitute local subjects
• thus we can really say that disney trip as rite of passage on foreign soil pinpoints global consumer citizenship
• ‘perceived as clean, isolated from chaotic, political and economic environment of Brasil 80s/90s - Collor’s garden resembling Typhoon Lagoon, yet all can enter later - yet is the space so inclusive ?? - security guards masked as disney characters surveil, Brazilian guests difficult

Question 32

Wilson go go bar

Answer 32

• credited to regional and class inequalities createdby gov big business and tourist industry
• most services outside bar - less commodified
• agency -more leisure activities than any middle class let alone fello factory and house workers
• pay off filial piety, come through chain migration, friends, family workers- gender inequality as man can become monks
• distinguishment between faen - stable customers, boyfriends and other

Question 33

Brennan

Answer 33

• in sousa woman sell sex for hope
• independent - no pimps, but dependent financially on the man
• exploited and exploting them - woman seen as walking sexual objects, man as walking visas
• ‘strategy to advance living situation, goal migrate, marry por residencia - fake love to gain patronage
• like go go bar came to sousa through networks of family and friends
• personal stories show that at the end of the day the man have more power than woman, can leave leavong them destitute again - Elena and Nanci
• also does not fullfill their dream of gender equity - elena’s husband Jungen was a drinker

Question 34

Ana’s thesis as demonstrating differentiated ties rhetoric + subjectivity

Answer 34

• Sally - manages to draw emotional boundary, by making sure there is always monetary payment. Sometimes accepts gifts but doesnt draw too much attention to them.
  Angelica - turns recpetion of regular gifts into friendship - but later faces betreyals
• buying a present personalising commodity - intention - raises question whether the definition of intimate will face a discursive popular divide as with the one between a commodity and gift - intentional intimacy being intimate and non intentional,not pure not

Question 35

Basch et al ethnographic examples

Answer 35

• focus on Haitan,Phillipines and Carribean migrants
• accounts for multiple links, family exploitation, social stratification creation and perpetuation
• Adela and Raoul migrated to US after situation in Phillipines worsened - gov cutting of social subsidies to health/education - adela and raoul not enough to get good education for their many children
• strategies of giving to family - some came to states, one Daughter that didnt managed to get job at bank of manila, beyond remitance as development - creates social stratification
• couple naturalised but ties with phillipine community in Queens
• generally speaks of migrants investing a lot in land, also exploitation of family as domestic workers, emotions of separation
• leaves out how really law effects those people

Question 36

Informal economy

Answer 36

• refers to the mass of economic transactions that take place beyond effective state regulation
• Mitchell - created and reproduced by a process of excluding certain activity from economic models of the ‘formal’ economy
• any work that is untaxed, un-unionised, without a formal contract
• link with mitchells general idea of the boundary as upkeeping power

Question 37

Keith Hart Fafra

Answer 37

Enterpreneurship of Fafra Migrants spread through Ghana inside the ibformal economy to accumulate surplus, personalised capital

• involves illegal trade, money lending - link James
• other creative ways e.g one msn photographing girls after school - relied on patronage of headteacher, did not cheat on girls, of didnt like photos would make them new ones
• demonstrates the role of trust and involvment of formal channels in the informal economy

Question 38

Wengle 2012

Answer 38

Privatisation of UES
- shift of decision making power from energetiki with technological experience to menadzhery - a new menagerial class from business schools - justified by insuitability of the Soviet individuals to new market standards, e.g impossibility of value evaluation of state owned assets, sold cheaply in 90sm- need of legibility for investors, credit grading agencies and other analysts
1998 Antoly Chubais director of UES employs menadzhery, aligns with Putin - no division of state and free market !!! - proves Polanyi
- cut of redundant assets for workers in light of efficiency !!! - proves Harvey

Question 39

Dunn 2006

Answer 39

• the politics of making something efficient according to numbers and transparent for particular somebody causes exclusions - it creates things at and outside of borders - hierarchies of value turn difference into impurity - just like in Douglas
• EUROP meat market - EU compliant processors could ship high graded pigs, middle quality ones would stay on domestic and lowest to ukraine and russia via informal market e.g in Przemysl
• visible hierarchization of pigs and countries, also on an abstract quality, one important factor fatness of pigs
• poland was risky in foot and mouth disease because did not have infrastruture to track the disease, despite no known instance of it
• panoptical governance, surveillance at all times in the eu compliant plants, correction logs, control points - creates self disciplined bounded subjects - control not to benefit workers - link to CRoss

Question 40

McGoye 2007

Answer 40

• proves the states will to ignorance - the ‘good governance’ here becomes about profit making
• same institution in Uk responsible for approval of pharmaceuticals for market and later surveillance. if wrong loose face,trust - 1st paradox
• second that they are funded by the same companies whose pharmaceuticals they approve - shows money > public good
• any public doubts solved by checks which yield uncertain conclusions so that they are not to blame. If there are suicidal thoughts reported after antidepressants you can easily dismiss them as result of depression itself and not the side effects of antidepressants

Question 41

Anders (2008)

Answer 41

• condition of International Financial Institutions (IFI) to follow a logic they claim as good governance - one based on a normativity of numbers. Analyses documents of Malawi gov reflecting the normativity
• conds set by governments, but more about getting numbers to repay debt than actual socio political reforms
• number of quantitative performance critieria (pc), part of the cond to become more legible to IFI, PMIS to know staff numbers and make easy redundancies
• Medium Term Expenditure Framework - allows to check gov’s overspending

Question 42

Knowledge Economy intro

Answer 42

• harvey - coercive laws of competition and need of constant capital accumulation lead to constant drive for innovation
• tech part of wider assemblage linking humans and non humans - simondon technicity
• castells - we now live in information economy that with the global circulation of finance and information converts the traditional places into spaces of flows
• ethics of the knowledge economy value flexible specialization, horizontality vs verticality, individual scientific genius - ethical utopia

Question 43

Jaffrelot and van der Veer

Answer 43

• middle class a capitalist phenomena
• first used 18th century GB to decribe those who had some property, some education
• marxism was badly equipped to analyse it, couldn’t decide do they exploit or are they exploited
• weber extended to include petty bourgeoise and intelligentsia to distinguish it from them from either working class or larger proprietaries
• but as societies started to modernize much more difficult situation- addition of the white collar worker
• increasing marker of status in consumption not occupation
• India- global consumerism cut across caste and ethnicity
• India IT - Upadhya - Professionals as new middle class of India - but soft capitalism, similar environment hides inequalities