Economic Activity & Energy

Question 1

why has the UK’s economy changed?

Answer 1

1. globalisation:
   better long distance communication
   cheaper international trade bc of containerisation
   IGOs promote free trade
   transport improvements
   economies of scale - better value
2. government policies:
   state-run industries now privatised
   more unemployment
   increase competition = increase profit
   more innovative growth = rebalance economy
   increase manufacturing (2ndary) sector & decrease reliance on tertiary sector

Question 2

why does the secondary sector decline over time?

Answer 2

globalisation makes imports cheaper
imports more accessible bc of transport improvements & containerisation = increase efficiency of trade
AI replaces manual labour

Question 3

why does the tertiary sector increase over time?

Answer 3

increase in production capacity = more products to be sold = higher demand for work in retail industries
more employment = increase in disposable income = increased purchasing power parity
rural-urban migration

Question 4

what are the negative impacts of UK sector shifts?

Answer 4

unemployment = social unrest & government neglects

decline of primary = unemployment e.g. col mines closed in South Wales

decline of secondary = high unemployment where manufacturing dominated e.g. Redcar Corus steelworks closed
2,000 jobs lost = supply chain businesses declined
900 acres polluted land
desertion = increased house prices = poverty

rise in tertiary = inequality of wages
concentrate economy in cities so rural areas suffer

Question 5

what are the negative impacts of Nigeria sector shift?

Answer 5

impact qol & environment

quaternary:
cuts off people with fewer skills
nearly 1 million cars in Lagos = use 40% total fuel in Nigeria
3 tonnes lead into the air each day
solution: brt & ride sharing

primary:
over-farming soil = infertile = desertification
40 million livelihoods at risk
solution: put manure on farmland to maintain soil fertility

Question 6

how do the level & rate of change of energy resource consumption differ across LICs, NEEs, & HICs & why?

Answer 6

LICs:
low level low rate of increase
high population growth
poverty is a constraint on consumption

NEEs:
low level to quite high level & quick increase
rate of population growth declining but rapid industrialisation

HICs:
high level & low rate of increase
low population growth but increase in living standards
slow increase bc although consumption still increasing, technological advances & recycling provide some resource efficiency

Question 7

why is the energy gap increasing?

Answer 7

population growth = increasing demand for energy

Question 8

what factors interrupt energy supply?

Answer 8

natural hazards
civil disturbance
geopolitics
rapid resource depletion
affordability
environmental concerns

Question 9

how can energy be sustainably managed?

Answer 9

education, efficiency & conservation = through increased investment in renewables, recycling, carbon credits & green taxation

Question 10

what is the detail, advantage & disadvantage of HEP in Kenya?

Answer 10

detail: Turkwell Dam
3rd largest HEP plant in Kenya

advantage: generates 106MW power

disadvantage: dam was 2m away from overflowing in 2020 = would affect 300,000 homes downstream

Question 11

what is the detail, advantage & disadvantage of micro-scale HEP schemes in Mt. Kenya?

Answer 11

detail: funded by NGO Practical Action

advantage: power for 100 Kenyan households
the diverted channel is rerouted into main river = no water lost

disadvantage: relies on NGO to fund initial start-up & maintenance

Question 12

what is the detail, advantage & disadvantage of oil in Kenya?

Answer 12

detail: Lamu Basin
TNCs (e.g. Tullow Oil) partnered to extract 560million barrels

advantage: over 10,000 jobs to be created
pipeline opens up North Kenya for economic development

disadvantage: 820km pipeline disturbs natural habitats
3 river crossings = vulnerable to oil leak