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ecology (T8) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

state the levels of organisation in an ecosystem

A

individual, population, community, ecosystem

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2
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

the interaction between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) part of an ecosystem

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3
Q

what factors do plants compete for

A
  • light
  • space
  • water
  • minerals from the soil
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4
Q

what factors do animals compete for?

A
  • food
  • mates
  • territory
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5
Q

what is intraspecific competition

A

competition within a species

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6
Q

what is interspecific competition?

A

competition between different species

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7
Q

what is interdependence

A

different species depend on eachother for resources, if one species is removed the whole community may be affected

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8
Q

what is a stable community

A

a community in which all the biotic factors (the different species) and all abiotic factors are balanced so that population sizes remain relatively constant.

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9
Q

what are abiotic factors

A

non-living factors

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10
Q

what are biotic factors

A

living factors

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11
Q

what abiotic factors may affect an ecosystem

A
  • light intensity
  • temperature
  • moisture
  • soil ph and mineral content
  • wind intensity and direction
  • carbon dioxide level
  • oxygen level
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12
Q

why might light intensity affect an ecosystem

A

different species of plant may have different optimum light intensities for growth

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13
Q

why does temperature affect an ecosystem

A

different animal and plant species may have different optimum temperatures for growth and survival

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14
Q

hoe does soil ph affect an ecosystem

A

certain plants may grow better in either alkaline or acidic soil, soil ph may affect the colour of the plant e.g. hydrangea

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15
Q

how does moisture level affect an ecosystem

A

certain plants cannot survive in waterlogged soil as their roots cannot respire

certain plants are adapted to high moisture levels

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16
Q

how does wind intensity affect an ecosystem

A

plant seeds are more likely to germinate in places in locations with lower wind intensity, which may also attract animals that depend on the plant to live nearby

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17
Q

how does soil mineral content affect an ecosystem

A

more plants require a high soil mineral content to grow well

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18
Q

example of a type of plant that has adapted to low soil mineral content

A

carnivorous plants catch insects to compensate for the low level of soil mineral content

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19
Q

how does CO₂ concentration affect an ecosystem

A

higher CO₂ conc. leads to more plant growth

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20
Q

how does O₂ conc. affect an ecosystem

A

aquatic animals cannot survive in areas with low O₂ conc.

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21
Q

state the biotic factors that make up an ecosystem

A
  • food
  • new predators
  • new pathogens
  • competition
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22
Q

what sre adaptations

A

features that enable organisms to survive in their living environment

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23
Q

what are organisms living in extreme environments called

A

extremophiles

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24
Q

what are three examples of extreme living environments

A
  • high temp.
  • high pressure
  • hish salt conc.
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25
Q

an example of where extremophile bacteria can be found

A

in deep sea vents

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26
Q

what are plant adaptations to avoid getting eaten

A
  • thorns
  • unpleasant taste
  • poison
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27
Q

plant adpatations for getting enough light

A
  • grow/attach on other plants plants to get more sunlight
  • reproduce earlier than other plants liek trees so they don’t have leaves yet
  • has a larger surface area
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28
Q

plant adpatations for reducing water loss

A
  • smaller surface area + thick waxy cuticle
  • store water in their stems (succulent) and have extensive long and shallow roots
  • curled leaves, hair and stomata sunken in plants trap moist air which reduces conc. gradient

marram grass for last one

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29
Q

what are structural adaptations

A

involving the form and sructure of an organsim

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30
Q

what is a functional adaptation

A

involving the way the body fo an organism works

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31
Q

what is a behavioural adaptations

A

involving changes to programmed or instinctive behaviour

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32
Q

animal adaptations in cold environments

A
  • being large - creates a small SA:V ratio which reduces heat loss
  • Blubber and thick fur coat - very effective insulation reducing heat loss
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33
Q

example fo a general animal adaptation

A

camoflauge - predators can blend into background to be able to stalk prey and prey can blend in to hide from predators

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34
Q

animal adpatation for dry/hot envrionments

A
  • v. concentrated urine - need little or nothing ot drink + get water they need from food they eat
  • active early in monring or night - to avoid hottest hours of the day
  • rest in burrows and shadded places - shielded from the sun
  • small - large SA:V ratio which increases heat loss
  • large thin ears - larger SA exposed ton surrounding so more heats is lost from skin.
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35
Q

what is random sampling

A
  • estimating pop. size over an area and for looking at the diff. in abundance of a species between two areas
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36
Q

what is abundance

A

the numbers of an organism relative to the number of other organisms in the same habitat

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37
Q

what is a transect

A

used to see if there is a correlation between an abiotuc factor and species distribution

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38
Q

what do food chains show

A

the feeding relationships between differnet organisms and the flow of energy between organism

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39
Q

what is biomass

A

total mass of living material

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40
Q

dis/advantaged of dry biomass

A
  • better value
  • however unethical as it involved killing and drying out organism
  • wet biomass vice versa
41
Q

what are trophic levels

A

the stages of a food chain

42
Q

what do the arrows in a food chain represent

A

the direction of biomass transfer

43
Q

what is a producer

A

an organism that makes its own food

44
Q

what type of organisms are producers

A

green plants and algae

45
Q

what is a primary consumer

A

organism that eats the producer

46
Q

what is a secondary consumer

A

an organism that feeds on primary consumers

47
Q

what is a tertiary consumer

A

an organism that feeds on secondary consuemrs

48
Q

what is a predator

A

an organism that eats and kills other animals

49
Q

what is prey

A

an organism that is eaten and killed by other animals

50
Q

what is the pattern of predator and prey in stable communities

A

the numebrs of predators and prey rise and fall in steady cycle

51
Q

why are producers the first trophic level

A
  • provide all biomass for the food chain
  • rest of food chain involves transfer of this biomass
52
Q

what apparatus is used to measure abundance and distribution of a species in an area

A

quadrat

53
Q

what apparatus is used to study the distribution of a species along a gradient

A

belt transect

54
Q

describe how materials cycle through the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem

A
  • organisms take in elements from their surroundings (soil, air)
  • elements converted to complex molecules becoming biomass
  • elements transferred along food chains
  • elements returned to environment during excretion and decompostion of dead plant/animal material
55
Q

3 molecules which are cycled through ecosystems

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide and water

56
Q

explain the carbon cycle

A
  • Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion.
  • Carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis.
  • Animals feed on plants, passing the carbon compounds along the food chain. Most carbon they consume is exhaled as carbon dioxide during respiration. The animals and plants eventually die.
  • Dead organisms are eaten by decomposers and carbon in their bodies is returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In some conditions decomposition is blocked. The plant and animal material may then be available as fossil fuel in the future for combustion.
57
Q

why is the carbon cycle important

A

molecules conating carbon such as glucose are important for living organisms to grow and provide energy for vital functions

58
Q

what is the water cycle

A
  • transpiration - his works to send water taken in by the roots of the plants back into the atmosphere as water vapour.
  • Evaporation. Water evaporates, changing state from liquid to gas, from bodies of water, such as lakes and oceans and ponds. Light energy from the sun causes this.
  • Condensation. After evaporation and transpiration, the water vapour cools, forming liquid clouds.
  • Transport. When liquid clouds are formed, they can be pushed far distances by wind.
  • Precipitation. Rain, snow, sleet and hail fall from the clouds into the bodies of water and the land.
  • Surface runoff. Sometimes, when there is a large amount of precipitation, water runs along the earth to enter bodies of wate.
  • Infiltration. Some water that falls is absorbed into the ground. It can then be stored in aquifers. These are underground, permeable rocks
59
Q

why is the water cycle important

A

living organisms require water, it provides them with a continuous supply of water(land)

60
Q

why are microorganisms important for material cycling through an ecosustem

A

microorganisms return carbon to the atmosphere by releasing CO2 through respiration when decomposition of dead matter and returns mineral ions back to the soil

61
Q

what is meant by decomposition

A

the breaking down of dead materials into simple organic matter

62
Q

how to decomposers break down dead material

A

they release enzymes which catalyse the decomposition of dead matter into simple molecules

63
Q

what are the two types of decompostion

A
  • aerobic
  • anaerobic
64
Q

what factors affect rate of decomposition

A
  • oxygen availability (for aerobic)
  • water content
  • temperature
65
Q

how does the availability of oxygen affect rate of decomposition

A

oxygen increases, rate increases and vice versa

66
Q

how does soil water content affect rate of decomposition

A
  • in moist condition rate is high
  • in waterlogged soil, little oxygen for respiration so rate is lower
67
Q

why does decomposition require water

A

alllows for secretion of enzymes and absorption of molecules

68
Q

how does temperature affect decomposition

A
  • rate highest at 50 optimum temp.
  • lower temp. means slower enzyme rate decreases
  • higher temp. enzyme denatures, decomposition stops
69
Q

rate of change?

A

change of value/ change of time

70
Q

what is compost

A

nutrient-rich product of rapid decay of waste biological material in optimum conditions

71
Q

how is compost used

A

as a natural fertiliser to promote growth of crops or garden plants

72
Q

how do biogas generators work

A

uses methane gas for fuel through anaerobic decomposition occuring in animal waste

73
Q

how do environmental condition affect communities

A
  • affect abundance and distribution of organisms
  • rising global temp has led to extinction of frog species
74
Q

how do diff temps affect communities

A
  • if temp too low growth will be slower as organisms use more energy maintaining body temp
  • if temp too high evaporation increases, less water, organisms can die
75
Q

how can changes in water level affect ecosystems

A

animals may have to migrate to find water and habitats such as ice caps may be destroyed

76
Q

how can atmospheric gases affect ecosystems

A

some organisms cannot survive when certain gases are present and polluted water can cause illness

77
Q

negative impacts of sulfur dioxide on environment

A

formed when fossil fuels containing impurities are burnt and can dissolve in water to form acid rain which can damage buildings and crops

78
Q

negative impact of carbon monoxide on environment

A

formed by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, can bind irreversibly to haemaglobin preventing it from carrying oxygen - can cause death

79
Q

5 greenhose gases

A
  • water vapour
  • methane
  • carbon dioxide
  • CFCs
  • nitrous oxide
80
Q

3 human activities contributing to GHGs

A
  • burning fossil fuels
  • deforestation
  • large scale livestock farming
81
Q

negative effects of global warming

A
  • sea levels rise
  • disrupted farming and agriculture
  • increased spread of diseases in warmer climates
82
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the variety of different species on earth or within an ecosystem

83
Q

what is the importance of biodiversity

A

to maintain stability of an ecosystem
- it reduces the dependence on one species for resources such as food and shelter so they can still survive without it

84
Q

why have humans consumption of resources and waste production increased

A
  • rapid pop. growth
  • increase in standard of living
85
Q

where dos pollution occur

A
  • air
  • land
  • water
86
Q

example of water pollutants

A
  • sewage
  • fertiliser
  • chemicals
87
Q

how does eutrophication occur

A

fertilisers from farms pollute water causing excessive algae growth which depletes oxygen in water causing other animals and plants to die. dead organic material attracts decomposers which depletes even more oxygen

88
Q

example of air pollutants

A
  • smoke
  • acidic gases
89
Q

example of land pollutants

A
  • landfill waste
  • chemicals
90
Q

how do human activities reduce available land for plants and animals

A
  • building
  • quarrying
  • farming
  • disposing of waste
91
Q

why have peat bogs been destroyed

A

increase food production as they can be used as fertilisers

92
Q

why does the destruction of peat bogs contribute to the greenhouse effect

A

peat bogs are stores of carbon (carbon sinks) and burning them releases great volume of it back into the atmosphere

93
Q

why have large scale deforestation occurred

A
  • provide land for cattle or rice fields
  • grow crops to use as biofuels
94
Q

harmful effects of deforestation

A
  • destruction of habitats
  • releases large amount of GHGs
95
Q

consequence of global warming

A
  • rising sea levels
  • melting ice caps
  • changing weather patterns
  • migration of animals
  • tropical diseases
  • extinction of species
96
Q

steps taken to increase/maintain biodiversity

A
  • breeding programmes for endangered species
  • protection and regeneration of habitats
  • reduction of deforestation and CO2 emissions
  • recycling resources
  • reintroduction of hedgerows and field margins
97
Q

purpose of replanting hedgrows and field margins

A

higher biodiveristy in the margings than the fields that they are surrounding

98
Q

how do you calculate efficiency of biomass transfer

A

[ energy transferred/total available ] x 100

biology (7 decks)

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