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ap bio > Ecology Pt1 > Flashcards

Ecology Pt1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who wrote the first naturalist essays?

A

John Muir and Aldo Leopold

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2
Q

Who wrote Silent Spring?

A

Rachel Carson

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3
Q

Why was Silent Spring Important?

A

Ecology became an actual science; biomagnification

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4
Q

Biomagnification

A

the increasing buildup of toxic substances within organisms that happens at each stage of the food chain

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5
Q

Abiotic

A

nonliving chemical & physical factors

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6
Q

Biotic

A

living factors (other living organisms)

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7
Q

Organismal

A

behavioral, physiological, and morphological ways critters meet abiotic challenges

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8
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species in a particular geographical area

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9
Q

Community

A

assemblage of populations of different species

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10
Q

Ecosystem

A

all abiotic factors and the community of species in an area

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11
Q

Biosphere

A

the sun of all the planet’s ecosystems

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12
Q

Biome

A

areas of predominant flora and fauna

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13
Q

Abiotic Factors Examples

A

Non-living factors: Temperature, Water, Sunlight, Wind, Rocks & Soil, Periodic Disturbances (natural disasters)

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14
Q

Spring

A

Marked by Spring Equinox (equal amt of day/night)

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15
Q

Summer

A

Marked by summer solstice (long day/short night)

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16
Q

Fall

A

Marked by Fall equinox (equal amt of day/night)

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17
Q

Winter

A

Marked by Winter solstice (long day/short night)

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18
Q

Rain Shadow

A

There is less rain on one side of a mountain range
- Think of the Western (more rain) and Eastern (less rain) part of the Sierras

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19
Q

What are the four zones of Aquatic Biomes?

A

photic zone, aphotic zone, thermocline, and the benthic zone

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20
Q

photic zone

A

photosynthetic light

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21
Q

aphotic zone

A

little light

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22
Q

thermocline

A

narrow stratum of rapid temperature change (warm to cold)

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23
Q

benthic zone

A

bottom substrate (bed)

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24
Q

Benthos

A

community of organisms in Benthic zone

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25
Q

Detritus

A

dead organic matter; food for benthic organisms

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26
Q

What are the three zones of Freshwater Biomes?

A

Littoral zone, Limnetic zone, and the Profundal zone

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27
Q

Littoral Zone

A

shallow, well-lit waters close to shore

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28
Q

Limnetic zone

A

well-lit, open water farther from shore

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29
Q

Profundal zone

A

deep, aphotic waters

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30
Q

Types of Lake classifications:

A

oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic

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31
Q

oligotrophic

A

deep, nutrient poor

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32
Q

eutrophic

A

shallow, high nutrient content

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33
Q

mesotrophic

A

moderate, productivity

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34
Q

Wetland

A

area covered with water that supports aquatic plants

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35
Q

Estuary

A

area where freshwater stream or river merges with ocean
- often bordered by extensive coastal wetlands called mudflats or saltmarshes

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36
Q

Types of Wetlands

A

Basin Wetlands, Riverine Wetlands, Fringe Wetlands

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37
Q

Basin Wetlands

A

Shallow Basins: depressions, filled lakes and ponds

38
Q

Riverine Wetlands

A

Flooded banks of rivers and streams

39
Q

Fringe Wetlands

A

Along coasts of large lakes and seas

40
Q

What are the 6 zones of the Marine Biomes?

A

Interidal zone, Neritic zone, Oceanic zone, Pelagic zone, Benthic zone, Abyssal zone

41
Q

Interidal zone

A

area where land meets water

42
Q

Neritic zone

A

shallow regions over continental shelves

43
Q

Oceanic zone

A

very deep water past the continental shelves

44
Q

Pelagic zone

A

open water of any depth

45
Q

Benthic zone

A

seafloor bottom

46
Q

Abyssal zone

A

benthic region in deep oceans

47
Q

What are the 8 Terrestrial biomes?

A

Tropical forests, Savanna, Desert, Chaparral, Temperate grassland, Temperate deciduous forest, Coniferous forest, Tundra

48
Q

Tropical forests

A

equator, most complex; constant temperature and rainfall; canopy

49
Q

Savanna

A

tropical grassland with scattered trees; occasional fire and drought; large herbivores

50
Q

Desert

A

sparse rainfall (<30cm/yr)

51
Q

Chaparral

A

spiny evergreens at midlatitudes along coasts

52
Q

Temperate grasslands

A

all grasses; seasonal drought, occasional fires; large mammals

53
Q

Temperate deciduous forest

A

midlatitude regions; broad-leaf deciduous trees

54
Q

Coniferous forest

A

cone-bearing trees

55
Q

Tundra

A

permafrost; very little precipitation

56
Q

The costs and benefits of homeostasis affect…

A

an organism’s response to environmental variation

57
Q

regulators

A

animal and plants that use behavioral and physiological mechanisms to achieve homeostasis

58
Q

conformers

A

allow some conditions in their body to vary with external changes

59
Q

Principle of Allocation

A

Each organism has a limited amount of energy that can be allocated for obtaining nutrients, escaping from predators, coping with environmental fluctuations, growth, and reproduction
- energy used for homeostasis can’t be used for other things

60
Q

3 Responses to Environment

A

Physiological Adaptations, Morphological Adaptations, Behavioral Adaptations

61
Q

Physiological Response

A

Small changes in the rates of processes that do not require alteration of body structure
- Acclimation: the process or result of becoming accustomed to a new climate or to new conditions

62
Q

Morphological Response

A

Alter the form of internal anatomy
- Some may not be reversible
Ex:
- More fur/feathers in the winter
- Seasonal color changes

63
Q

Behavioral Response

A
  • Move to a new location
  • Social Behavior- The bee beats wings to cool down hive
64
Q

What is a population?

A

A collection of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area

65
Q

Niche

A

All the biotic and abiotic factors used by an organism

66
Q

What is density?

A

The Number of individuals per unit of area
- measured by
1. counts
2. sample-size estimate
3. mark-recapture

67
Q

Types of dispersion

A
  1. Clumped (usually around food source)
  2. Uniform (territories)
  3. Random (plants)
68
Q

Population ecology is the study of…

A

Study of size, distribution, and density of populations and how these populations change with time
Size of population = N

69
Q

Demography

A

Theory and stats behind pop’n growth and decline

70
Q

Birth Rate

A

Offspring produced per time period (Fecundity)

71
Q

Death Rate

A

Number of deaths per time period

72
Q

Birth/death rates are…

A

highest at two ends of age spectrum (young and old)

73
Q

Sex ratio

A

Males to females

74
Q

Generation time

A

time needed for individuals to reach reproductive maturity

75
Q

Age structure

A

compares the relative number of individuals in the pop’n from each age group

76
Q

Immigration rate

A

rate individuals relocate into a population

77
Q

Emigration rate

A

rate individuals relocate out of a population

78
Q

Survivorship curve

A

plot of the number of people alive at certain ages

79
Q

Survivorship curve type 1

A

long life until “old age” where death rate increases rapidly (humans/mammals)

80
Q

Survivorship curve type 2

A

death rate is constant (lizards/hydra/small mammals)

81
Q

Survivorship curve type 3

A

Steep downward curve for the young but it flattens out (fish, oysters, marine organisms)

82
Q

Population growth formula

A

change in pop size = births - deaths or… ∆ N / ∆ t = bN - dN

83
Q

Exponential model of Pop growth

A

idealized population in an unlimited environment
- unsustainable in real life

84
Q

Logistic model

A

reaches carrying capacity (K)

85
Q

K (carrying capacity)

A

Maximum number of individuals that a population can sustain in a given environment
- can change depending on that environment
- depends on limiting factors

86
Q

Density - dependent factors

A

limiting factors
- food supply, predation, territoriality, waste products, diseases

87
Q

Density - Independent Factors

A

nothing to do with pop size
- floods, droughts, earthquakes, and other natural disasters

88
Q

Population life history “strategies”

A

R - selected (opportunistic) and K-selected (equilibrial)

89
Q

R - selected (opportunistic)

A
  • short maturation & lifespan
  • many (small) offspring; usually 1 (early) reproduction; no parental care
  • high death rate
  • ex: bacteria & flies
90
Q

K-selected (equilibrial)

A
  • long maturation & lifespan
  • Few (large) offspring; usually several (late) reproductions; extensive parental care
  • low death rate
  • ex: humans & elephants

ap bio (3 decks)

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